Scribd
Upload
31 views

Group #10

Group 10 is comprised of 4 members: Muhammad Zeeshan, Waleed Ejaz, Usman Zafar, and Muhammad Umar. The document defines thermodynamics as the study of relationships between heat and other forms of energy. It discusses the laws of thermodynamics including zeroth law regarding thermal equilibrium, first law about conservation of energy, and second law regarding entropy. The document also covers various thermodynamic terms, processes, systems, temperature scales including Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin, and the topics of thermochmistry and reversible/irreversible processes.

Uploaded by

waleed53
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
31 views

Group #10

Group 10 is comprised of 4 members: Muhammad Zeeshan, Waleed Ejaz, Usman Zafar, and Muhammad Umar. The document defines thermodynamics as the study of relationships between heat and other forms of energy. It discusses the laws of thermodynamics including zeroth law regarding thermal equilibrium, first law about conservation of energy, and second law regarding entropy. The document also covers various thermodynamic terms, processes, systems, temperature scales including Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin, and the topics of thermochmistry and reversible/irreversible processes.

Uploaded by

waleed53
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

GROUP # 10

► MUHAMMAD ZEESHAN
Roll no. 62
► WALEED EJAZ
Roll no. 53
► USMAN ZAFAR
Roll no. 14
► MUHAMMAD UMAR
Roll no. 35
THERMODYNAMICS
DEFINITION:
“The study of the
relationships and conversions between heat
and other forms of energy is called
thermodynamics.”
► The word “Thermodynamics” comes from
two Greek words therme, meaning "heat"
and dynamis, meaning "power".

► Itis actually a branch of physics concerned


with the conversion of different forms of
energy.

► Inthermodynamics we study the effects of


work, heat and energy on a system.
► Thermodynamics is only concerned with
large scale observations. It means that it
deals only with the large scale response of a
system which we can observe and measure
in experiments.
HISTORY OF THERMODYNAMICS

► It was born in the 19th century as scientists


were first discovering how to build and
operate steam engines.
► Sadi carnot was the first to described an
ideal heat engine in 1840.
► He was considered as the “father of
thermodynamics “.
FUNDAMENTAL TERMS

► SYSTEM:
In thermodynamics, a system
means a collection of particles with some
closed surface called the boundary of the
system.
OR
Some portion of the universe that you wish
to study.
► SURROUNDINGS:
The adjacent part of the
universe outside the system.
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

► There are four laws of thermodynamics.

► Eachlaw leads to the definition of


thermodynamic properties that help us to
understand and predict the operation of a
physical system.
ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

► This law is about thermodynamic


equilibrium.
► The term zeroth law was coined by Ralph
H. Fowler.
► It states that,
“When any two bodies or
thermodynamic systems are in thermal
equilibrium with a third body they are also
in thermal equilibrium with each other.”
► THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM:
Two bodies are
said to be in thermal equilibrium if there
temperatures are same.
► TEMPRATURE:
The tendency of an object
to give up energy to another. If energy
flows spontaneously from A to B when they
are in contact, then A is at a higher
temperature than B. If no energy flows,
then the objects are in thermal equilibrium.
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

► About the conservation of energy.

► It states that,
“Energy can neither be created
nor can be destroyed but can be changed
from one form to another”
.
► Thefirst law of thermodynamics is a form of
law of conservation of energy.

► The law of conservation of energy


states that “the total amount of energy in
any isolated system remains constant but
cannot be recreated, although it may
change forms”, e.g. friction turns kinetic
energy into thermal energy.
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

► About entropy

► Thislaw states that,


“It is impossible to
construct an engine working continuously in
a cycle, which takes heat from a heat
source and converts whole of it into work.”
► ENTROPY:
Entropy is a measure of the
degree of disorder of a system.
OR
Entropy is a measure of a system’s ability to
do useful work.

► Entropy tends to increase with time.


► If the temperature is constant, the change
in entropy is given by
∆S = ∆Q/T
where,
∆Q = Disorder of the system
T = Time
TYPES OF PROCESSES
Description Process Type

No heat passes through Adiabatic


boundaries of the system
No work is transferred to the Isochoric
system from its surroundings
The temperature remains Isothermal
constant
The pressure remains constant Isobaric
…….
Something remains constant Isosomething
TYPES OF THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
Example Description TYPE

The Universe No energy and no matter may be Isolated


passed through the Boundaries.

A free Pinball Energy can pass through the Closed


boundaries, but
Machine matter cannot pass
through the boundaries.

A perfect No heat (and therefore no matter Adiabatic


that can heat) can pass through
Thermos the boundaries.
carry
An Aquarium Both energy and matter may be Open
passed through the Boundaries.
THREE BIG TEMPERATURE SCALES

1. Fahrenheit scale
2. Celsius scale
3. Kelvin scale
1. Fahrenheit scale
 Fahrenheit is the classic English system of
measuring temperature.
 The scale was created by Gabriel Daniel
Fahrenheit in 1724 and divides the
difference between the boiling point and
freezing point of water into 180 equal
degrees.
 Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit
and boils at 212 degrees.
2. Celsius scale
► Celsius is the modern system of measuring
temperature.
► It fits in with much of the metric system and
has nice round numbers.
► Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius and boils
at 100 degrees.
► It is also known as centigrade scale.
3. Kelvin scale
► Kelvinis an important scale used in most of
science.
► The big thing to remember is that this is a scale
with no units.
► The scale begins at 0 (absolute zero) and just
goes up from there.
► Water freezes at the value 273.15 and boils at
373.15 Kelvin.
► The word "Kelvin" comes from the guy Lord Kelvin
who did a lot of work with temperatures.
Reversible Processes
►A process is reversible in which a system comes
back to its initial condition at the end.
► A reversible process is the one in which all the
changes are reversible.
► With a reversible process it is possible to restore
the system to its original state without needing an
external agent or changing its surroundings.
► A reversible process is a standard of comparison
for an actual system.
Irreversible Processes
► If a process can be retraced in the backward
direction by reversing the controlling factors then
it is an irreversible process.
► All Natural processes are Irreversible.
► The Entropy of the universe always increases
during an irreversible process.
► An irreversible process always requires an external
agent to restore it to its original state.
► Examples of Irreversible Processes are
• Friction
• Heat Flow
• Melting/Boiling
• Mixing
• Chemical Reactions
• Current Flow, etc.
THERMOCHEMISTRY
► It is a branch of thermodynamics which is
completely related to chemistry.
► It can be defined as,
"The study of heat
changes accompanying a chemical reaction
is known as thermochemistry."
► We can say that it is the study of chemical
reactions with respect to the heat changes
during these chemical reactions.
TYPES OF REACTIONS
► There are generally two types of reactions
which we study in thermochemistry.
1) - Exothermic reactions
2) - Endothermic reactions
1) - Exothermic reactions
► The reactions in which heat is given out are called
exothermic reactions.
► In these reactions, the temperature of the system rises
above the room temperature.
► Examples of exothermic reactions are,

(1) - The combustion of carbon in oxygen is an exothermic


reaction.
C (s) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g)
∆H = -393.7 kj/mol
In this reaction 393.7kj/mol heat is evolved during the
reaction.
(2) - The formation of water from hydrogen and
oxygen is an exothermic reaction.

H2 (g) + 1/2O2 (g)  H2O (l)


∆H = -285.58 kj/mol
2) - Endothermic reactions
► The reactions in which heat is absorbed are
called endothermic reactions.
► In these reactions, the temperature of the
system falls below the initial temperature.
► Examples of endothermic reactions is the
decomposition of water into oxygen and
hydrogen is an endothermic reaction.
2H2O (l)  H2 (g) + O2 (g)
∆H = 285.58 kj/mol
SOME POINTS TO REMEMBER

► The energy changes in which heat changes,


usually expressed in SI system are joule (J) &
kilojoule (kJ).
► The amount of heat or energy evolved during a
chemical reaction is expressed by a negative
sign & heat or energy absorbed during a chemical
reaction is expressed by a positive sign.
► Physical state of the substance is must be
mentioned in thermochemistry because different
amount of energy is associated with different
physical states of a same substance.
THE END

You might also like