CLASS REPTILIA

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REPTILES

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 GENERAL
CHARACTERISTIC OF
REPTILE

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 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Body covered with dry cornified skin, usually with
ectodermal scales or scutles; few or no skin glands.
• Two pairs of limbs, each typically with five toes ending
in horny claws and suited to running.
• Skeleton well ossified, skull with one occipital condyle.
• Heart incompletely four-chambers, two atria and a
partly divided ventricle; one pair of aortic arches; red
blood corpuscles nucleated, biconvex, and oval.
• Twelve pairs of cranial nerves.
• Body temperature variable (ectothermal)
• Respiration by lungs, gills absent, pharyngeal and
perhaps cloacal respiration in some aquatic turtles.
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 GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF CROCODILE

• Crocodiles are now a bit different, but they have not changed
much. They have backbones and lungs.
• They must come to the surface to breathe.
• A crocodile can stay underwater for three to five minutes.
• Crocodiles have four-chambered hearts.
• They are cold-blooded and have no lips.
• Their mouths can't close tight.
• The color of their skin is dark gray or green.
• Crocodiles have a valve that closes their air pipe so that water
can't enter the lungs while they are underwater.
• The crocodile is usually thirteen to eighteen feet long.
• They have bony plates on their backs.

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THE BIOLOGY OF CROCODILE

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 CROCODILES
There are 26 species of
crocodile in total

The biggest is Crocodylus

porosus (saltwater croc)

Crocs live in all the major

continents of the world except
Europe
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Crocs have 60 teeth

The teeth over-lap, which makes

tearing flesh off easier

Teeth are replaced whenever

they fall out, so a croc can grow Teeth can be 6 to 10cm long!
up to 2000 teeth in its life time
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 The croc jaw is incredible strong.
It can bite with a pressure of
3000lbs per square inch

That’s the same pressure that

forces a bullet out of a gun!

Crocs have HUGE jaw muscles to

close the jaw, but tiny ones to open
it - you can hold their mouth closed
with just one hand!

An idiot
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 The combined effect of huge
teeth and strong jaw makes the
crocodile very good at ripping
meat apart

Crocodiles help rip chunks of meat

off their food by rolling over and
over in water – its called a death roll

Crocodiles also have a bony flap of

skin at the back of their throat which
means they can eat underwater

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 Sense Organs
RESPONSE
Crocodile ears are very
sensitive. In fact, crocodiles
can hear their young moving
inside their egg shells

They are also able to close their

ears underwater.

A crocodile eye is more

sensitive than an owls! It also
has partial colour vision, which is
rare in reptiles

Crocodiles have a 3rd eyelid,

which they close underwater,
which protects the eye without
inhibiting their vision!
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Crocodiles have a much better immune system than we do
Their blood contains special proteins that kill bacteria
They can swim in dirty water and not get infections
They can survive wounds that would kill most other
species

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Crocs can stay underwater for up to 8hrs!
This is because their hemoglobin is different to ours.
Scientists have made part croc – part human haemoglobin,
which might help athletes perform better!

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF
A THE REPTILES

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Crocodile Circulatory System:

1. Special Hemoglobin
2. Special Circulation

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 CIRCULATION
• The heart lies in the anteroventral part of
the thorax; it comprises a small sinus
venosus, two atria, and two ventricles. The
ventricles are completely separated in
crocodilians but incompletely so in other
reptiles.
• Blood from the veins passes in turn through
1.) sinus venosus, 2.) right atrium, 3.) right
ventricle, 4.) pulmonary artery to each lung,
5.) pulmonary veins from lungs, to the 6.)
left atrium and 7.) left ventricle.

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 Crocodiles have a similar
circulation to mammals

However, their circulation

has one big difference – the
Foramen of Panizza

This allows deoxygenated

blood to move into the aorta
and join with the oxygenated
blood

Essentially, blood misses out

the pulmonary circuit and
just goes around the body
over and over

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There is a valve in the Foramen of Panizza

When the croc is active, it is shut (so the croc has a mammalian circulation)

When the croc is inactive, it is open. Why?

- The deoxygenated blood is acidic

- Which helps them generate low stomach pH
- And makes their haemoglobin give up more O 2 (when submerged)
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THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

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 REPTILES

• Consist of brain spinal nerve

• Specialized cells(neurons, or nerve cells)

• Smaller brain

• absolute size of the cerebral hemispheres.

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 PARTS
• cerebrum
->with the assistance of the cerebellum,
controls all voluntary actions in the body.
 cerebellum
-> is a region of the brain that plays an
important role in motor control.

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• Olfactory bulb
->regulating the sense of smell
->remains a large and important structure.
 Pituitary
->It is functionally connected to the
hypothalamus by the median eminence via a
small tube called the Pituitary Stalk.
->It is considered to be the "master
gland".
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• Olfactory bulb
->regulating the sense of smell
->remains a large and important structure.
 Pituitary
->It is functionally connected to the
hypothalamus by the median eminence via a
small tube called the Pituitary Stalk.
->It is considered to be the "master
gland".
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF
REPTILES

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 OXYGEN AND CARBON
DIOXIDE
Ordinary respiration in different animals
is performed by various respiratory
organs or system, such as the body
covering, gills, lungs, or trachea.

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 LUNGS
• All land vertebrates, including most
amphibians and all reptiles, birds and
mammals , have lungs.
• A lung is a chamber lined by moist
epithelium, underlaid by a network of
blood capillaries, where atmospheric air
can be used.

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LUNGS

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 RESPIRATION
Air enters the nostrils (internal nares) and
passes above the hard palate to the internal
nares behind the palatine valve (velum) and
thence through the glottis in the laryx, just
behind the touge. The larynx is supported by
several cartilages and contains the paired vocal
cords; it connects to the tubular trachea, which
is reinforced with rings of cartilage. The trachea
extends to the forepart of the thorax and
divides into two short bronchi, one to each lung.
The lungs contain higher interior partitions than
the frog and are spongier.
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RESPIRATION

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SKELETAL SYSTEM OF
REPTILES

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--->What is Skeletal system?

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---> it is the framework of hard, articulated
structures that provides:

physical support attachment for

muscles and protection for the
bodies of animals.

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 Bones have:
- blood supply
- metabolically active
- capable of being remodeled
throughout the life of an organism
-can be repaired if injured.

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Other materials are also part of
the adult skeletal system like:
cartilage which is generally
present in the joints between
bones

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SKELETON OF A REPTILE

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->the vertebral column, composed
of individual bones known as
vertebrae, and providing axial
(length wise) support for the
animal, while retaining a degree
of lateral flexibility.

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-> the ribs which provide
support and protection for
the front of the thoracic
cavity, and are important in
the mechanics of breathing.

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-> the skull which include the
brain-case enclosing and
protecting the brain, upper
jaw, which is fused to the
brain-case and the separate
lower jaw, opposite the upper
jaw.

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-> appendicular skeleton,
consisting of the bones of
the forelimbs (arms and
hands), the scapular (or
shoulder) apparatus, to which
these attach.

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->the hindlimbs (legs and
feet), and the pelvic bones,
to which the hindlimbs
attach.

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 FEEDING
 Teeth of lizards are generally attached to
the sides of the mandible without sockets.
these teeth are regularly shed and replaced.
The tongue of the lizard varies with the
species.
Taste buds are poorly developed.
The stomach of lizards is simple, usually
elongated, and not gizzard-like.

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• The digestive system of modern reptiles
is similar in general plan to that of all
higher vertebrates. It includes the mouth
and its salivary glands, the esophagus,
the stomach, and the intestine and ends
in a cloaca.

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 REPRODUCTION
• Most reptiles reproduce sexually. This includes many
male snakes that rely on scent to find females and that
complete fertilization internally.
• Most reptile species are oviparous (egg-laying). Many
species of squamates, however, are capable of giving live
birth. This is achieved either through ovoviviparity (egg
retention) or viviparity (babies born without use of 
calcified eggs). Many of the viviparous species feed
their fetuses through various forms of placenta, just
like mammals (Pianka and Vitt 2003). They often provide
considerable initial care for their hatchlings.

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 REPRODUCTION
• Amniotic eggs are covered with leathery or calcareous
shells and are compartmentalized by four membranes:
(1) The amnion encloses the embryo and the amnion fluid
in which it floats; (2) the yolk sac encloses the yolk, the
embryo's protein-rich food reservoir; (3)
the allantois stores the embryo's nitrogenous wastes
until hatching, and (4) the chorion is the outer
membrane that lines the shell and thereby encloses the
egg's other three membrane-bound compartments and
the fluid in which they are bathed. (Towle 1989). Eggs
are waterproof, but permeable to gases. Sperm are
placed inside the female by internal fertilization prior
to the formation of the shell.
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 REPRODUCTIVE
• In some reptiles, the sex of the juvenile is determined by
the incubation temperature.
• In addition to the common pattern of sexual reproduction
among reptiles, a pattern of asexual reproduction has been
identified in six families of lizards and one snake family.
In some species of squamates (lizards and snakes), a
population of females is able to produce a unisexual diploid
clone of the mother. This asexual reproduction, called
parthenogenesis, occurs in several species of gecko and is
particularly widespread in the teiids (especiallyAspidocelis)
and lacertids (Lacerta). Parthenogenetic species are also
suspected to occur among chameleons, agamids, xantusiids,
and typhlopids.
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EXCRETORY SYSTEM

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EXCRETORY SYSTEM DEFINITION

• The excretory system is a passive biological system

that removes excess, unnecessary or dangerous
materials from an organism, so as to help maintain
homeostasis within the organism and prevent
damage to the body. It is responsible for the
elimination of the waste products of metabolism as
well as other liquid and gaseous wastes. As most
healthy functioning organs produce metabolic and
other wastes, the entire organism depends on the
function of the system; however, only the organs
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of the excretory
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EXCRETORY SYSTEM OF
SNAKES

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Kidneys lobulated.
Renal arteries receive blood from the renal portal
system.
Nitrogenous wastes in the form of ammonia, urea,
uric acid or a combination of these.
Crocodilians, snakes and some lizards do not have a
urinary bladder. In lizards with a bladder, it is
connected to the cloaca by a short urethra.
Urine passes into the cloaca and then into the
urinary bladder, if present, or into the distal colon
where water resorption occurs.
The cloaca typically consists of 3 chambers.
1. coprodeum 2.urodeum. 3.The caudal proctodeum.
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 EXCRETION
• Excretion is performed mainly by two small kidneys. In
diapsids, uric acid is the main nitrogenous waste
product; turtles, like mammals, excrete mainly urea.
Unlike the kidneys of mammals and birds, reptile
kidneys are unable to produce liquid urine more
concentrated than their body fluid. This is because they
lack a specialized structure called a loop of Henle, which
is present in the nephrons of birds and mammals,.
Because of this, many reptiles use the colon to aid in
the reabsorption of water. Some are also able to take
up water stored in the bladder. Excess salts are also
excreted by nasal and lingual salt glands in some
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reptiles.
 NITROGENEOUS WASTES

• Since water is needed to dissolve waste

before it is removed, waste can have large
effect on water balance
• When proteins and nucleic acids are broken
down it results in ammonia
– Some animals convert it to other less toxic
compounds which requires ATP

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 Forms of Nitrogenous Waste include:

• Ammonia
• Urea
• Uric Acid

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 AMMOMIA
• Ammonia is very soluble but only tolerable at low
concentrations
– Aquatic species excrete this because access to a lot of
water. (Ammonia is toxic, must be excreted in large,
dilute quantities)
– Readily passes through membranes and lost by diffusion
to the surrounding water
– In invertebrates, it can occur across the whole body
structure
– In fishes, most ammonia is lost in form of ammonium
ions across epithelium of gills, kidneys excrete minor
amounts of nitrogenous wastes
– Freshwater fish: gill epithelium takes up sodium ions
from water in exchange for ammonium ions while helps
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 UREA
• Urea is ammonia and carbon dioxide
– Low toxicity (100,000X less than ammonia)
– Animals can transport and store Urea safely
– Requires much less water, more suitable for terrestrial
animals because less water is lost when a given quantity
of nitrogen is excreted
– Allows waste to be excreted in concentrated solutions
(Good for land animals)
– Must expend energy to produce it from ammonia
– Excreted by mammals, adult amphibians, sharks and
some marine bony fish, and turtles

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 URIC ACID
• Insects, land snails, and many reptiles excrete
uric acid
– Relatively nontoxic
– Largely insoluble in water
– Excreted as semi-solid paste with little water
– Takes even more energy than urea but saves
water
– Excreted by insects, land snails, many
reptiles, land birds

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COMPANENT ORGANS
• Skin
• Lungs
• Kidneys
• Ureter
• Urinary Bladder
• Urethra

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