Performance Parameters of

Rectifier circuits
 1 T
VDC 
T 0
V dt

1  π 2
  Vp sin θ dθ   0 dθ 
2π  0 
π

VP
 cos θ
Average value of HWR 2π 0

VP

π
1 T
VDC 
T 0 V dt

1 π
Average value of FWR

π 0  Vp sin θ dθ
π

VP
 cos θ
π 0

2 VP

π
 1 T 2
T 0

2
Vrms V dt

1  π 2 2
  V sin 2
θ dθ   0 dθ 
2π   0
p 

1 
2 2

  1  cos 2θ  dθ 
VP π VP
  sin θ dθ  
2

2π 0 2π 0
2 
RMS value of HWR
VP  π
2
1
 θ  sin 2θ 
4 π  2 0
2
VP

4
1 T 2
T 0

2
Vrms V dt

1 π 2
  θ dθ
2
Vp sin
π 0

1 
2

  1  cos 2θ  dθ 
VP
RMS value of FWR

π  0
2 
VP  π
2
1
 θ  sin 2θ 
2 π  2 0
2
VP

2
Single-Phase Half-wave Rectifier

Figure 3.1 4
 3.2 (P#68) Ideal Rectifier: Single-Phase, Half-Wave R-Load

 Vm sin(t )
Vo
v s (t)  Vm sin(t ) 
Vm

Vo
 0.318 Vm

Considering the diode is

ideal, the voltage at R
Voltage Source, v s (t )  Vm sin(t )
–load during forward
biased is the positive " DC" output voltage ( V0 )

cycle of voltage source,

1
while for Negative Vo  Vav e  VDC  Vm sin(t ) dt
2
0
biased, the voltage is
zero. Vo 
Vm

 0.318 Vm  0.45 Vrms
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

Figure 3.6
Performance Parameters

Single Phase Rectifies

 1- H/Wave Rectifier – Ex 3-1 1- FWR – Ex 3-4(P78)

T T
2
2 2
1
Vo  Vdc   Vm sin t   Vm sin t
T 0 T 0
Vm 2Vm
Also Vaverage  
 
T T
2 2
Vrms( out) 
1
 V m sin t 
2

2

 m
V sin  t 2

T 0
T 0

Vm Vm
  0.5Vm   0.707Vm
2 2
RMS voltage of the transformer Secondary
T T
1
  1
 
T 0 T 0
Vs  Vm sin t
2
Vs  Vm sin t
2

 0.707Vm  0.707Vm
1- H/Wave Rectifier – Ex 3-1 1- FWR – Ex 3-4(P78)

Vm 2 Vm
Vo  Vdc   0.318 Vm   0.6366 Vm
 

Vm Vm
Vo (rms )   0.5Vm   0.707 Vm
2 2


Vdc 
2
 Vdc Idc
Pdc ( out )
R

0.6366 Vm 
2


0.318 Vm 
2
R
R


Vac 
2
 Vac Iac
Pac ( out )
R

0.707 Vm 
2


0.5Vm 
2
R
R
1- H/Wave Rectifier – Ex 3-1 1- FWR – Ex 3-4(P78)

Pdc Vdc Idc

  (0.6366 Vm ) 2
Pac VrmsIrms  2
2 (0.707 Vm )
(0.38 Vm )
 2  81 %
(o.5Vm )
FF is the measure of the shape
 40 .5% of the output voltage

Vrms
Form Factor  0.707 Vm
Vdc 
0.6366 Vm
0.5Vm
  1.11
0.138 Vm
 1.57 or 111 %
or 157 %
 1- H/Wave Rectifier – Ex 3-1 1- FWR – Ex 3-4(P78)

Vac
Ripple Factor 
Vdc
 (1.11)  1 2
RF is the measure of
 (FF) 2  1 
 0.482
the ripple content
 (1.57 ) 2  1  1.21
or 48 .2%
or 121 %
2
( 0 . 6366 )
Transforme r. 
Utilization Factor 2(0.707)(0.5)
Pdc  0.5732
TUF 
VsIs  57.32%
(0.318 ) 2 1 / TUF  1.75
  0.286
(0.707 )( 0.5) Transformer
or 28 .6% 1.75 times
1- H/Wave Rectifier – Ex 3-1 1- FWR – Ex 3-4(P78)

Peak Inverse =2 Vm
(reverse) blocking
Voltage (PIV)
= Vm
Crest Factor  CF
Vm
Vm R
Is(peak ) R
  0.707 Vm
Is 0.5Vm R
R 1
1   2 Crust Factor is
 2 0.707 used to specify the
0.5 peak current
ratings of devices
and components
1- H/Wave Rectifier – Ex 3-1 1- FWR – Ex 3-4(P78)

Power Factor  PF
VsIs1
 cos 
VsIs


Is1
cos  
Pac

0.707  2

Is VI 2 x 0.707 x 0.5


0.52  0.707
0.707 x 0.5
 0.707
Power Factor
True Power Factor
• Power factor provides a measure of the efficiency of
an electrical system.
True power factor consists of two terms:
Displacement power factor ( DPF)
Total harmonic distortion (THD)

It is frequently simplified to just displacement power

factor, but that only holds for a specific class of linear
loads. Servo drives and variable-frequency drives are
nonlinear loads, so the simplification no longer
applies
Power Factor of a Rectifier
Poor Power Factor
 Harmonics
(a) The line rms current harmonics do not deliver any real power in
Watts to the load, resulting in inefficient use of equipment
capacity (i.e. low power factor)
(b) Harmonics will increase conductor loss and iron loss in
transformers, decreasing transmission efficiency and causing
thermal problems.
(c) The odd harmonics are extremely harmful to a three phase
system, causing overload of the unprotected neutral conductor.
(d) High peak harmonic currents may cause automatic relay protection
devices to mistrigger.
(e) Harmonics could cause other problems such as electromagnetic
interference to interrupt communication, degrading reliability of
electrical equipment, increasing product defective ratio, insulation
failure, audible noise, etc.
Distorted/Complex Waveform
All the alternating waveforms deviate, to a greater or
lesser degree, from the ideal sinusoidal shape. Such
waveforms are referred to as non sinusoidal or distorted
or complex waveforms
A complex wave essentially consists of:
i) A fundamental wave – it has the lowest frequency say ‘f’
ii) A number of other sinusoidal waves whose frequencies are
an integral multiple of the fundamental or basic
frequency like 2f, 3f and 4f etc
An ideal rectifier has the following Parameters values:

Pdc
  100 %
Pac

Vac  0  Vrms
2
 Vdc
2

Vac
RF  0 
Vdc
Pdc
TUF  1 
VsIs
1/ 2
 I 
2 
HF  THD  0   s   1
  
 s1 
I

Is1=Is then PF=DF
 1
Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)
TUF
Signifies that the input transformer, if present, must be 1/TUF
times larger than that when it is used to deliver power from a pure
ac sinusoidal voltage.

1 1 1
TUF TUF TUF
1 1 1
  3.5   1.75   1.048
0.286 0.5732 0.9542
Battery charger circuit
Page#74 Battery Charger

Vm Vm
 
2 0
 
Vdc  sin td (t )   cos
2
0

Average Load Current = Vdc/R

Vm sin   E
vs  E D      
1 is turned off

vs  E
The ch arg ing curren i0 
R

Vm sin t  E
i0  for   t  
R
Example 3.2
Freewheeling Diode
 Freewheeling Diode (FWD)

• Note that, previously discussed uncontrolled half-wave RL load

rectifier allows load current to present at certain period (current
decreasing by time since opposing negative cycle of input),
hence reducing the average output voltage due to the negative
segment.

• In other word, for single-phase, half wave rectifier with R-L load,
the load (output) current is NOT CONTINUOUS.

• A FWD (sometimes known as commutation diode) can be placed

in parallel to RL load to make the load (output) current
continuous.
Freewheeling Diode (FWD)

• Note that both D1and D2 cannot be

turned on at the same time.

• For a positive cycle voltage source,

• D1 is on, D2 is off
• The voltage across the R-L load is the
same as the source voltage.

• For a negative cycle voltage source,

– D1 is off, D2 is on
– The voltage across the R-
L load is zero.
– However, the inductor
contains energy from
positive cycle. The load
current still circulates
through the R-L path.
Mohd Rusllim Mohamed
 Freewheeling Diode (FWD)

• negative cycle voltage source

(cont),
• But in contrast with the
normal half wave rectifier,
negative cycle of FWD does
not consist of supply voltage in
its loop.
• Hence the “negative part” of
Vo as shown in the normal
half-wave disappear.
Page#73 Half-wave Rectifier with RL Load Rectifying Mode.
Real power
across-R

Inverting
Mode. Send
back to
source:
reactive
power
Figure 3.3
 Freewheeling Diode (FWD)

• Note that, previously discussed uncontrolled half-wave RL

load rectifier allows load current to present at certain period
(current decreasing by time since opposing negative cycle of
input), hence reducing the average output voltage due to the
negative segment.

• In other word, for single-phase, half wave rectifier with R-L

load, the load (output) current is NOT CONTINUOUS.

• A FWD (sometimes known as commutation diode) can be

placed in parallel to RL load to make the load (output)
current continuous.