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Speed Control of DC Motor Using P

This document describes using pulse width modulation (PWM) with a 555 timer integrated circuit to control the speed of a DC motor. PWM works by varying the width of voltage pulses to effectively vary the motor's voltage. The circuit uses one 555 timer as an astable multivibrator to generate pulses and a second 555 timer as a monostable multivibrator whose pulse width is controlled by a potentiometer to vary the motor speed. Experimental results showed speed control from 550 to 2390 RPM as the potentiometer voltage was varied.

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Ananth Sai Yadav
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
258 views

Speed Control of DC Motor Using P

This document describes using pulse width modulation (PWM) with a 555 timer integrated circuit to control the speed of a DC motor. PWM works by varying the width of voltage pulses to effectively vary the motor's voltage. The circuit uses one 555 timer as an astable multivibrator to generate pulses and a second 555 timer as a monostable multivibrator whose pulse width is controlled by a potentiometer to vary the motor speed. Experimental results showed speed control from 550 to 2390 RPM as the potentiometer voltage was varied.

Uploaded by

Ananth Sai Yadav
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR

USING P.W.M TECHNIQUE


BY
A.ANANTH
R.RADHIKA
B.USHA RANI
ABSTRACT
 The aim of development of this project is towards providing efficient and
simple method for speed control of DC motor using pulse width modulation
technique. The modulation of pulse width is obtained using two 555IC
Timers.
 To get desired modulation of pulse width as output, we have fabricated
astable multivibrator and monostable multivibrator circuit using two 555IC
Timers. The width of the pulse is changed by varying the control voltage of the
monostable circuit.
 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a common technique for speed
control which can overcome the problem of the poor starting performance of a
motor.
Contents
Introduction to PWM
Why only PWM
Block diagram of PWM
Introduction to 555 timer Ic
Astable multivibrator
Mono stable multivibrator
Circuit diagram
Conclusions
References
Dc motor
Applications of PM DC
Speed –torque relation
Chopping technique
vo=vs
Where, =ton/T
Introduction to P.W.M

 Modulation means to vary something. Pulse Width


Modulation means to vary the width of pulses to obtain desired
output voltage.

• PWM applies a pulse train of fixed amplitude and frequency,


only the width is varied in proportion to an input voltage.
 The duty cycle, the ratio of the time tON during which the
output is high to the total time period T is given as,
% duty cycle, D =ton/ T * 100
Why only P.W.M
 A PWM circuit works by making a square wave with a variable on-to off ratio, the

average on time may be varied from 0 to 100 percent. In this manner, a variable amount of

power is transferred to the load. The main advantage of a PWM circuit over a resistive

power controller is the efficiency, at a 50% level, the PWM will use about 50% of full power,

almost all of which is transferred to the load, a resistive controller at 50% load power would

consume about 71% of full power, 50% of the power goes to the load and the other 21% is

wasted heating the series resistor.

 Instead of supplying a varying voltage to a motor, it is supplied with a fixed voltage


value (such as 12V) which starts it spinning immediately.  The voltage is then removed and
the motor 'coasts'.  By continuing this voltage on/off cycle with a varying duty cycle, the
motor speed can be controlled.
Block diagram of P.W.M
Introduction to 555 TIMER IC'S
 These ic’s introduces time delays from few microseconds to several hours.
 Requires about 5v to 18v power supply.
 Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes over 20
transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin
mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8) It needs two or three external
components to produce an oscillator capable of operating at a frequency
from 1Hz to 500kHz. When it oscillates at a frequency less than 1Hz, the
circuit is called a Timer or Delay.
Applications of 555 ic

 Astable multivibrator:-
 producing a square wave.
 No stable states.
 Free running multivibrator.

 Monostable multivibrator:-
 producing a single pulse when triggered.
 One stable and one quasi-stable state.
 One shot multivibrator.
Astable multivibrator

 In this circuit there is a diode

in parallel to R2, as to bypass

the resistance of R2 while

capacitor is charging.
Astable multivibrator operation
 vc =vf+(vi-vf)et/

 TC=0.69(RA+RB)C
 TD=0.69(RB)C
 T=TC+TD
 T=0.69(R1+2R2)C
 F=1/T
 F=1.44/(R1+2R2)C
 For 549hz frequency

Assume R1=10R2, C=.01F


R2=22K
R1=220K
monostable multivibrator
Mono stable operation
 Vc=Vf+(Vi-Vf)e-t/
 Substituting vf=vcc

Vc=2/3vcc , vi=0, we get,


T=1.1RaC
considering timing
component as 2.42ms,
T=1.1RaC
Ra=0.00242/1.1*0.01*10-6
Ra=220kΩ
Circuit diagram
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS
Astable M/V:- Monostable M/V:-
Pin 2:-Across Capacitor Pin 2:-input

Pin 3:-o/p
Pin 3:-o/p

Across capacitor:-
Results
Voltage (v) Speed (R.P.M)
3 550
5 990
9 1820
11 2200
12 2390
CONCLUSION
From the project work, following points can be concluded.

 It fulfils all the requirements for its application.

 The motor responds to the average value of the pulses and not to

the individual pulses as the chopper works at high frequency.


 Changing the duty-cycle of the pulse by changing the

potentiometer changes
 the average voltage level.
 It is possible to improve overall performance of the chopper

drive
References
 Power Electronics by p.s. Bimbhra 3rd Edition.
 A Textbook of Electrical Technology Vol. 2 – Theraja
 Power Electronics Handbook - Devices_ Circuits_ and Applications_ 2nd Edition_ Muhammad
H Rashid
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation
 http://www.ecircuitcenter.com/Circuits/pwm/pwm.htm
 http://www.jmcproducts.com/products/pwm_fans/pwm_faq.shtml
 http://www.eleinmec.com/article.asp?28
 http://pcbheaven.com/wikipages/PWM_Modulation/

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