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Mobile

This lecture covers cellular data network technologies including: 1) An overview of cellular network generations from 0G to 4G including their key technologies and data rates. 2) The multiple access problems in cellular networks and solutions including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. 3) The architecture of 3G and 4G LTE cellular networks and differences between circuit switched and packet switched networks. 4) Performance issues in cellular networks including path inflation and inefficient radio resource utilization due to power saving mechanisms.

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93 views31 pages

Mobile

This lecture covers cellular data network technologies including: 1) An overview of cellular network generations from 0G to 4G including their key technologies and data rates. 2) The multiple access problems in cellular networks and solutions including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. 3) The architecture of 3G and 4G LTE cellular networks and differences between circuit switched and packet switched networks. 4) Performance issues in cellular networks including path inflation and inefficient radio resource utilization due to power saving mechanisms.

Uploaded by

TELECOM INJINIYA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSE390 Advanced

Computer Networks
Lecture 23: Mobile
(Can you ping me now?)

Based on slides by D. Choffnes. Revised by P. Gill Fall


2014
Mobile networks
2

 This lecture covers cellular data technologies

 It does not cover:


History of Mobile Data Networks
3

 Remember that phones were originally designed for


calls
Cellular Network Basics
4
 There are many types of cellular services; before delving into
details, focus on basics (helps navigate the “acronym soup”)
 Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology; radio
waves are electromagnetic waves that antennas propagate
 Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900
MHz frequency bands

Cell phones operate in this frequency


range (note the logarithmic scale)
Cellular Network Generations
5

 It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony in


terms of generations:
 0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones
 1G: Analog cellular telephony

 2G: Digital cellular telephony

 3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including video


telephony)
 LTE (4G): IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and
multimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G
Evolution of Cellular Networks
6

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G
Cellular Network
7

 Base stations transmit to and receive from mobiles at the


assigned spectrum
 Multiple base stations use the same spectrum (spectral reuse)
 The service area of each base station is called a cell
 Each mobile terminal is typically served by the ‘closest’ base
stations
 Handoff when terminals move
The Multiple Access Problem
 The base stations need to serve many mobile terminals
at the same time (both downlink and uplink)
 All mobiles in the cell need to transmit to the base
station
 Interference among different senders and receivers
 So we need multiple access scheme
Multiple Access Schemes
9

3 orthogonal Schemes:
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Frequency Division Multiple Access
10

frequency

 Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for a call


 Guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel interference
 Usually, one downlink band and one uplink band
 Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies
 Frequency is precious and scare – we are running out of it
 Cognitive radio
Time Division Multiple Access
11

Guard time – signal transmitted by mobile


terminals at different locations do no arrive
at the base station at the same time

 Time is divided into slots and only one mobile terminal transmits
during each slot
 Like during the lecture, only one can talk, but others may take the floor in
turn
 Each user is given a specific slot. No competition in cellular network
 Unlike Carrier Sensing Multiple Access (CSMA) in WiFi
Code Division Multiple Access
 Use of orthogonal codes to separate different transmissions
 Each symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger number of bits using
the user specific code – Spreading
 Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the information
transmission rate
 But all users use the same frequency band together
Orthogonal among users
Why am I telling you this?
13

The performance we get out of cell networks


is intimately tied to network design

 …and cell networks (pre-LTE) were not designed for IP

 Instead, optimized for


 Circuit-switched
 Low bitrate (calls/text)
 Charging customers, allowing connections from any cell
provider
Wired networks are relatively simple
14

DSL Access Multiplexer:


Broadband Remote Access Server:
Separates
Bridgevoice and layer
between data 2 and 3, sits in core
“Simplified” view of 3G
15

MobileController:
NodeB & Base Station switching center:
Serving
Gateway GPRSGPRSSupport
Support Node:
Node:
Converts RF toAnalog
wired to digital
Move IP packets to/fromtheradio
Route to/from network
Interet
Packet switched vs circuit switched
16

 3G and earlier maintains two data paths


 Circuitswitched: Phone calls (8kbps) and SMS/MMS
 Packet switched: All IP data
Packet switched vs circuit switched
17

 LTE uses “all in one” approach


 Everything
over IP, including voice
 S-GW (Serving Gateway) replaced SGSN, P-GW replaces
GGSN
Backward compatibility
18
Mobile Architecture in practice
19

 RNC/NodeB: 1000s
 SGSNs/S-GWs: 10s or 100s
 GGSN/P-GWs: < 10
 Why is this a problem?
Very few GGSNs for a large region
20
Implication: Path Inflation
21

 Path inflation: Two nearby hosts are connected by a


geographically circuitous IP path
 Can be caused by
 Carrier path
 Interdomain policy
 Lack of nearby peering points
Path Inflation Example: Ingress
22
Path Inflation Example: Peering
23
Inflation breakdown for AT&T
24
Wireless/Radio Issues
25

 Conflicting goals
 IPapplication assume “always on” connectivity
 Radio consumes large amounts of power

 How to balance the two?

 Compromise in UMTS networks: 3 power states


 Idle:
No data channel, only paging, almost no power
 FACH: Shared, low-speed channel, low power

 DCH: Dedicated channel, high speed, high power


Issues with this approach
26

 State promotions have promotion delay


 State demotions incur tail times
800 mW
High Bandwidth
DCH
Send/Recv
any data Idle for 5 s
Queue >
threshold

IDLE FACH
Idle for 12 s 460 mW
No Power
Low Bandwidth
No BW
Delays add up…
mple: RRC State Machine
27

rgeDelay
 Commercial
to send a packet 3G Network
 Delay to save power
… to inefficiency
28

 Inefficient
Example radio
ofutilization
the State (34% power/channel)
Machine Impact:
Inefficient Resource Utilization
State transitions impact end user
A significant amount of channel occupation time and experience and generate
battery life is wasted by scattered bursts. signaling load.

Analysis powered by the ARO tool


LTE Key Features
29

 Uses Multi-input Multi-output (MIMO) for enhanced


throughput
 Reduced power consumption
 Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less battery
power used by handsets)
 Lower latency to get access to the medium

 Performance sometimes better than WiFi!


Middleboxes in Mobile Networks
30

 Carrier-grade NAT
 Devices often assigned private IPs
 Firewalled connections

 Content optimizers  Mobile networks


 Split TCP connections
 Why?

 Compression and caching


 Other strange behavior

 How might we measure


these?
That’s all!
31

 Final exam: Tuesday December 16, 8am – 10:50am.


 Will post review materials to Piazza (similar to midterm).
 Assignment 4 due December 13
 Internet in the news due today!
 Piazza discussions/comments due by December 16.

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