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L2 Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics

This document discusses the key characteristics, processes, and ethics of research. It outlines that research is empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, critical, and methodical. The document also describes the different types of research including basic, applied, and developmental research. It then explains the typical research process which involves identifying a problem, reviewing literature, clarifying the problem, defining terms, developing an instrumentation plan, collecting and analyzing data. Finally, the document discusses important ethical considerations around justification, informed consent, potential harm, and protecting vulnerable participants.

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Christian Rivera
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326 views

L2 Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics

This document discusses the key characteristics, processes, and ethics of research. It outlines that research is empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, critical, and methodical. The document also describes the different types of research including basic, applied, and developmental research. It then explains the typical research process which involves identifying a problem, reviewing literature, clarifying the problem, defining terms, developing an instrumentation plan, collecting and analyzing data. Finally, the document discusses important ethical considerations around justification, informed consent, potential harm, and protecting vulnerable participants.

Uploaded by

Christian Rivera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 2:

The Characteristics,
Processes, and
Ethics of Research
2.1. Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical – Research is based on direct experience or
observation by the researcher.
2. Logical – based on valid procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical – Research is a cyclical process because it
starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
4. Analytical – utilizes proven analytical procedures in
gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive,
experimental and case study.
2.1. Characteristics of Research
5. Critical - exhibits careful and precise judgement.
6. Methodical – conducted in a methodical manner
without bias using systematic method and procedures.
7. Replicability – The research design and procedures
are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher
to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
2.1.1. Types of Research
1. Basic Research. This is also called as “fundamental research” or
“pure research”. It seeks to discover basic truths or principles. Ex:
Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Archimedes’ Principle, Hooke’s Law,
Newton’s Law.
2. Applied Research. Involves seeking new applications of scientific
knowledge to the solution of a problem, such as a development
of a new system or procedure, new device, or new method in
order to solve the problem.
3. Developmental Research. This is a decision-oriented research
involving the application of the steps of the scientific method in
response to an immediate need to improve existing practices.
2.1.2. Classification of Research
1. Library Research. This is done in the library where
answers to specific questions or problems of the study
are available.
2. Field Research. Research is conducted in a natural
setting.
3. Laboratory Research. The research is conducted in
artificial or controlled condition by isolating the study in
a thoroughly specified area.
2.2. The Research Process
Step Example
1. Identify the problem or question. Childhood Obesity
2. Review the literature. Look for similar studies that have been
conducted.
3. Clarify the problem – specifically – The purpose of the study is to determine
Identify the purpose of the study. if walking 10,000 steps a day for three
days a week improves a person’s
health.
4. Clearly define terms and concepts This is done so that the readers
understand exactly what each term
means.
2.2. The Research Process
Step Example
5. Define the population. Children who are 10 to 12 years old.
6. Develop the instrumentation plan. Data will be collected on the variables
at the beginning of the program and at
the conclusion of the study.
7. Collect data. Collect the data on the specified
variables at the first and last session of
the program.
8. Analyze the data. Compare data gathered from each
participant. The first measurements are
compared to the second measurement
to see if there is a difference. Report the
results and the differences if there are
any.
2.3. Ethics of Research
• Ethical considerations are to the fore with the
development of new technologies and new
social systems.

• Society is inherently conservative and seeks to


set the limits of research activity.
2.3.1. Ethical Issues
• Justification for the research
• Access to participants/Privacy
• Informed consent
• Potential harm
2.3.2. The Scope of Research Ethics
• Ethical considerations cover all aspect of research but
they are fore-grounded when the subject of the research
are humans or animals.
• Research involving human subjects in the Medical, Social
and Behavioral Sciences poses complex ethical issues.
• It requires careful thought and consideration on the part
of both researchers and research participants.
• Prospective participants must be given adequate
information on both the possible risks and the potential
benefits of their involvement to allow them to make
informed decisions.
2.3.3.
Autonomy and Vulnerable Participants
• Each person should be given the respect, time, and
opportunity necessary to make his or her own decisions.
• Participants must be given the information they will need
to decide to enter a study or not to participate.
• Potentially vulnerable participants such as children, the
elderly, the mentally ill may be incapable of
understanding information that would enable them to
make an informed decision about their participation.
• Careful consideration of their situation and needs is
required, and extra care must be taken to protect them.
2.3.4.
The Process of Obtaining Consent
1. Identify the participant population
2. Produce information sheet and consent
document
3. Obtain permission from school’s ethics
committee
4. Present research information to participant and
discuss its contents – indicating that withdrawal
at any time is possible
2.3.4.
The Process of Obtaining Consent
5. Answer participants questions
6. Give a copy of the consent document
7. Allow the participant time to consider
8. Meet participant and discuss documents, to
answer any more questions and assess participants
understanding.
9. Obtain appropriate signed consent
10. Start research
Example of Consent Letter Form

I have read the Information Sheet and have had the details of the study explained to me. My questions have
been answered to my satisfaction, and I may ask further questions at any time.

I understand I have the right to withdraw from the study at any time and decline to answer any particular
questions.

I agree to provide information to the researcher(s) on the understanding that my name will not be used without
my permission.

I agree/do not agree to the interview being recorded electronically.

I understand that I have the right to ask for the tape to be turned off at any time during the interview.

I agree to participate in this study under the conditions set out in the information sheet.

Signature – Name - Date

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