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Descriptive Correlational

Research design constitutes the blueprint for collecting and analyzing data to answer research questions. It requires making crucial choices about methodology and allocating limited resources. Research design expresses the structure of the research problem and the plan for obtaining empirical evidence about relationships between variables. There are three basic types of research design: exploratory research, descriptive research, and causal research. Exploratory research clarifies problems without providing conclusive evidence, while descriptive research attempts to answer basic questions about variables through correlation. Causal research aims to determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

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Hareth Dan
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410 views

Descriptive Correlational

Research design constitutes the blueprint for collecting and analyzing data to answer research questions. It requires making crucial choices about methodology and allocating limited resources. Research design expresses the structure of the research problem and the plan for obtaining empirical evidence about relationships between variables. There are three basic types of research design: exploratory research, descriptive research, and causal research. Exploratory research clarifies problems without providing conclusive evidence, while descriptive research attempts to answer basic questions about variables through correlation. Causal research aims to determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

Uploaded by

Hareth Dan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is research design?

It constitute the blueprint for the collection,


measurement, and analysis of data
It aids the researcher in the allocation of
limited resources by posing crucial choices
in methodology
It is the plan and structure of investigation
to obtain answers to research questions.
It expresses both the structure of the
research problem and the plan of
investigation used to obtain empirical
evidence on those relationships

1
Essentials of research
design
An activity and time-based plan
A plan always based on research
question
A guide for selecting sources and
types of information
A framework for specifying the
relationships among the study’s
variables
A procedural outline for every
research activity 2
Basic Types of Research
Designs
Descripti
ve
Research
Explorat
Causal
ory
Research
Research

Resear
ch
Design
s
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Exploratory Research
Conducted to clarify
and define the
nature of the
problem

Does not provide


conclusive evidence

Subsequent
research is expected

4
Attempts to
answer the

◦ What?
◦ Who?
◦ Where?
◦ When?
◦ How?

5
Descriptive-Correlation
Research

Descriptive - hypotheses-free ;
describes an existing relationship
between variables

Correlation - hypotheses testing or


theory driven- which will be tested
by a correlation statistical technique

6
2 forms of testing

There is no significant
relationship between 2 or
among many variables.

There is no significant
difference between 2 groups or
among many groups.
7
Correlational Research
 Systematic investigation or statistical
study of relationships among two or
more variables, without necessarily
determining cause and effect
Itaims to describe the relationship
among variable rather than to infer
cause-and -effect relationship
Exploratoryand Explanatory in nature
and answers the WHY and HOW
8
Descriptive Correlational Studies
Establishes the existence of a
predictive relationship

9
Descriptive Correlational Studies
Uses two or more sets of data to
examine the existence and
strength of a relationship between
them
Usually cross-sectional

10
Nature of Correlational Research
Known as associational research
There is no manipulations of
variables since it is build on
existing knowledge
Relationships among two or more
variable are studied without any
attempt to influence them
Investigates the possibility of
relationships between two
variables 11
Correlational versus Causal Studies
When the researcher When the
is interested in researcher wants to
delineating the delineate the case
important variables of one or more
associated with the problems
problem
Cause and Effect
Usually the main relationship is when
reason is to find a change in the
evidence of a cause- independent
and-effect variable produces
relationship a change in
dependent variable

12
Example of study
questions
Correlational Causal

Are smoking and


cancer related? Does smoking
cause cancer?
or

Are smoking, drinking,


and chewing
tobacco associated
with cancer?

13
Difference between
Correlational and Causal Research
Require a score on Compare two or
each variable for more group of
each subject subjects
Investigate two or Involve at least
more quantitative one categorical
variables variable
Establishing Making
relationship comparison
Analyze data using Often compare
scatterplots and/or averages or use
correlation crossbreak 14
Correlation is not
Causation
Three ways in which A and B may be causally
related
A causes B (either directly or indirectly)
A B

B causes A (either directly or indirectly)


B A

A third variable causes both A and B

C
B
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Similarities between
Correlational and Causal Research

Researchers explore the


relationship among variables or
attempt to explore causation
Seek and identify variables that
are worthy of later exploration
through experimental research
Provide guidance for subsequent
experimental studies
18
Causal Studies
essential element of causation
A “produces” B or A “forces” B to occur
ideal standard of causation
requires that one variable always causes
another and no other variable has the same
causal effect.
method of agreement (John Stuart Mill)
when two or more cases of a given
phenomenon have one and only one
condition in common, then that condition
may be regarded as the cause (or effect) of
the phenomenon
19
Successful inference-
making

contro
l
inferen
Rando ce
m
sampli
ng

20
possible relationships that can
occur between two variables
symmetrical relationship
◦ two variables fluctuate together, but we
assume the changes in neither variable are
due to changes in the other.
reciprocal relationship
◦ when two variables mutually influence or
reinforce each other.
asymmetrical relationships
◦ changes in one variable (the independent
variable, or IV) are responsible for changes in
another variable (the dependent variable, or
DV).
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