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EC 8453 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Unit 1

The document is a syllabus that covers basics of operational amplifiers and integrated circuits. It begins with defining an integrated circuit as a miniature, low-cost electronic circuit consisting of active and passive components fabricated together on a single crystal of silicon. It then discusses the invention of the transistor in 1947 and development of integrated circuits, including Jack Kilby inventing the integrated circuit in 1958 and Robert Noyce improving on it. The document lists advantages of integrated circuits such as miniaturization, cost reduction, and improved performance. It also covers IC classification and includes examples of a current mirror circuit and current source.

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Madhavan Sam
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1K views

EC 8453 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Unit 1

The document is a syllabus that covers basics of operational amplifiers and integrated circuits. It begins with defining an integrated circuit as a miniature, low-cost electronic circuit consisting of active and passive components fabricated together on a single crystal of silicon. It then discusses the invention of the transistor in 1947 and development of integrated circuits, including Jack Kilby inventing the integrated circuit in 1958 and Robert Noyce improving on it. The document lists advantages of integrated circuits such as miniaturization, cost reduction, and improved performance. It also covers IC classification and includes examples of a current mirror circuit and current source.

Uploaded by

Madhavan Sam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Syllabus

1
Syllabus(cont.)

2
UNIT-I
BASICS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

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INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

miniature ,
low cost electronic circuit
consisting of active and passive components
that are irreparably joined together on a single crystal of silicon.
An integrated circuit (IC) is a miniature ,low cost electronic circuit
consisting of active and passive components fabricated together on a
single crystal of silicon. The active components are transistors and
diodes and passive components are resistors and capacitors.
4
 It can be said that the invention of the transistor and the
subsequent development of the microelectronics have done more
to shape the modern era than any other invention.

The first germanium bipolar transistor.


Roughly 50 years later, electronics account
Bardeen, Shockley, and Brattain at Bell Labs for 10% (4 trillion dollars) of the world
- Brattain and Bardeen invented the bipolar GDP.
transistor in 1947.
Evolution of Electronic Devices

Vacuum Discrete
Tubes Transistors

SSI and MSI VLSI


Integrated Surface-Mount
Circuits Circuits
Jack St. Clair Kilby
 Born in 1923 in Jefferson City, MO
 EE degree from University of Illinois in 1947
 He invented the integrated circuit in 1958 while working at Texas
Instruments.
 In 1970, in a White House ceremony, he received the National Medal
of Science.
 In 1982, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
 He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 for his
breakthrough discovery.
TI’s First IC
Robert Noyce
 Born in 1927 in Grinnell, IA
 Ph.D. from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1953.
 Worked for Shockley Semiconductor Labs in CA
 Co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 and
Intel in 1968.
 Intel's headquarters building, the Robert Noyce Building, in Santa Clara,
California is named in his honor.
 Nicknamed the “Mayor of Silicon Valley”
 Improved upon Jack Kilby’s IC (microchip)
 Fabricated chip with entire components out of a single piece of silicon –
almost like a sculpture
 - the planar IC, which got help from Swiss Fairchild employee Jean Hoerni
The first Planar IC – Fairchild
http://smithsonianchips.si.edu/augarten/i10.htm
A typical IC
http://klabs.org/richcontent/old_news/old_news_9/
Advantages of integrated circuits
1. Miniaturization and hence increased equipment density.
2. Cost reduction due to batch processing.
3. Increased system reliability due to the elimination of
soldered joints.
4. Improved functional performance.
5. Matched devices.
6. Increased operating speeds.
7. Reduction in power consumption

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IC Classification
Based on the signal treatment
 Digital ICs-Logic gates, Counters, digital clock, etc
 Analog ICs- Op-amps, Voltage regulators, timer
 Mixed ICs- combination of both analog and digital signal
processing
Constant current source (Current Mirror):
 For a transistor in the active mode of operation, the collector
current is relatively independent of the collector voltage.

Fig. 1.1 Current mirror circuit Fig 1.2 Current source output current
characteristics

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Analysis:
 The collector current IC1 and IC2 for the transistor Q1 and
Q2 can be approximately expressed as

Where IES is reverse saturation current in emitter junction and VT is temperature equivalent
of voltage.
From equation (1) & (2) Since VBE1=VBE2 we obtain IC2=IC1=I\C=IO

 Also since both the transistors are identical, IC1= IC2


 KCL at the collector of Q1 gives

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 From Eq.5 for β>>1, is almost unity and the output current I0 is equal
to the reference current, ref
 which for a given R1 is constant. Typically Io varies by about 3% for 50 ≤ β
≤200.
 The circuit however operates as a constant current source as long as Q2 remains
in the active region.

16 Fig.1.3 Simple current source

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