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Electronegativity-Polarity and Chemical Bond

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223 views24 pages

Electronegativity-Polarity and Chemical Bond

Uploaded by

Dn Angel
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 10 Lecture

Basic Chemistry
Fourth Edition

Compounds and Their Bonds


Electronegativity and Bond Polarity

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


Electronegativity and Polarity
We can learn more about the
chemistry of compounds by
understanding how electrons are
shared in bonds.
• Bonds formed by identical atoms
share the bonding electrons equally.
• Bonds formed between different
atoms share the bonding electrons
unequally.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronegativity
Electronegativity
• is the relative ability of atoms to
attract shared electrons
• is higher for nonmetals; fluorine
has the highest with a value of 4.0
• is lower for metals; cesium and
francium have the lowest value of
0.7
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronegativity
We can use the periodic table to predict the
relative electronegativity value for each element.
Electronegativity
• increases from left to right going
across a period on the periodic
table
• decreases going down a group on
the periodic table
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronegativity

Figure 10.1 The electronegativity values of the representative


elements in Group 1A (1) to Group 7A (17), which indicate the
ability of atoms to attract shared electrons, increase going across
a period from left to right and decrease going down a group.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Check

Using the periodic table,


predict the order of
increasing
electronegativity for the
elements O, K, and C.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


Solution
Using the periodic table, predict the
order of increasing electronegativity for
the elements O, K, and C.
Answer: K, C, O
• K, period 4, group 1A (1), has an
electronegativity value of 0.8.
• C, period 2, group 4A (14), has an
electronegativity value of 2.5.
• O, period 2, group 6A (16), has an
electronegativity value of 3.5.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
COVALENT BONDING

• Covalent bond, in
chemistry, the
interatomic linkage that
results from the sharing
of an electron pair
between two atoms.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Types of Covalent Bonds
Bonds can be described by the
difference in the electronegativity of
the bonding atoms.
Two types of covalent bonds occur in
molecules:
• nonpolar covalent bonds; bonding
electrons are shared equally
• polar covalent bonds; bonding
electrons are shared unequally
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
A nonpolar covalent bond between nonmetal
atoms
• consists of an equal (or almost equal)
sharing of electrons
• has a zero (or close to zero)
electronegativity difference (0.0 to 0.4) or
less that 0.5

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


Polar Covalent Bonds

A polar covalent bond between nonmetal


atoms
• consists of an unequal sharing of
electrons
• has an electronegativity difference of 0.5
to 1.7

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Figure 10.2 In the nonpolar covalent bond of H2, electrons are


shared equally. In the polar covalent bond of HCl, electrons are
shared unequally.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Dipoles and Bond Polarity

• Bonds become more polar as the difference in


electronegativity increases.
• A polar covalent bond that has a separation of
charges is called a dipole.
• The positive and negative ends are represented
by the Greek letter delta, with a + or − charge.
• Arrows can also be used to represent dipoles.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


Variations in Bonding
Variations in bonding are continuous.
• Bonds with an electronegativity
difference of 0.0 – 0.4 are considered
nonpolar.
• Bonds with an electronegativity
difference of 0.5 – 1.7 are considered
polar covalent.
• Bonds with an electronegativity
difference greater than 1.8 are
considered ionic.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronegativity and Types of Bonds

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


Predicting Bond Type

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


Learning Check

Complete the following table for each


of the bonds indicated.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


Solution

Complete the following table for each


of the bonds indicated.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


IONIC BOND

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


HOW DO IONIC
COMPOUNDS
FORMED?

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


WRITING IONIC FORMULAS (BINARY ONLY)

• When ions are combined


together to form compounds
the overall charge of the
compound that results must
be “zero” or “neutral”

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


STEPS FOR METAL + NON-METAL IONIC COMPOUND

• 1. Write the metal first and the non-metal


second.
• 2. Write the charges for each ion.
• 3. Cross the charges to become subscripts
on the opposite ion.
• Examples:
• Mg and Cl
• Na and Cl
• Li and F

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


SEATWORK:

Use the electronegativity difference to identify


the type of bond between the following:
nonpolar covalent (NP), polar covalent (P),
or ionic (I).
A. K-N
B. N-O
C. Cl-Cl
D. H-Cl
E. Cs-O

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

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