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Token Ring

Token Ring is a network protocol developed by IBM in the 1970s that uses a token-passing scheme to regulate access to the network and prevent collisions. Stations on a Token Ring network pass around a token that grants the right to transmit data; if a station does not have data to send, it passes the token to the next station. Token Ring uses priority levels and reservation to determine which stations can access the token first. Frames in Token Ring networks include fields for source/destination addresses, data, error checking, and control information.

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68 views

Token Ring

Token Ring is a network protocol developed by IBM in the 1970s that uses a token-passing scheme to regulate access to the network and prevent collisions. Stations on a Token Ring network pass around a token that grants the right to transmit data; if a station does not have data to send, it passes the token to the next station. Token Ring uses priority levels and reservation to determine which stations can access the token first. Frames in Token Ring networks include fields for source/destination addresses, data, error checking, and control information.

Uploaded by

heny mbot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Token Ring/IEEE 802.

Token Ring
Token Ring
• The Token Ring network was originally developed
by IBM in the 1970s

Token Ring
IBM's Token Ring Network
and IEEE 802.5

Token Ring
Physical Connections
IBM Token Ring network stations are directly connected to
MSAUs,

Token Ring
Token Ring Operation
• Token Ring and IEEE 802.5 are two principal examples of token-
passing networks (FDDI is the other). Token-passing networks move a
small frame, called a token, around the network.
• Possession of the token grants the right to transmit. If a node receiving
the token has no information to send, it passes the token to the next end
station. Each station can hold the token for a maximum period of time
• If a station possessing the token does have information to transmit, it
seizes the token, alters 1 bit of the token (which turns the token into a
start-of-frame sequence), appends the information that it wants to
transmit, and sends this information to the next station on the ring.
While the information frame is circling the ring, no token is on the
network (unless the ring supports early token release), which means
that other stations wanting to transmit must wait. Therefore, collisions
cannot occur in Token Ring networks. If early token release is
supported, a new token can be released when frame transmission is
complete
Token Ring
Priority System

• Token Ring networks use a sophisticated priority system that permits


certain user-designated, high-priority stations to use the network more
frequently. Token Ring frames have two fields that control priority: the
priority field and the reservation field.
• Only stations with a priority equal to or higher than the priority value
contained in a token can seize that token. After the token is seized and
changed to an information frame, only stations with a priority value
higher than that of the transmitting station can reserve the token for the
next pass around the network. When the next token is generated, it
includes the higher priority of the reserving station. Stations that raise a
token's priority level must reinstate the previous priority after their
transmission is complete.

Token Ring
Frame Format

• Token Ring and IEEE 802.5 support two basic frame types:
• tokens
• data/command frames.
• Tokens are 3 bytes in length and consist of a start delimiter,
an access control byte, and an end delimiter.
• Data frames carry information for upper-layer protocols
• Command frames contain control information and have no
data for upper-layer protocols.

Token Ring
Frame Format
Start End
Access Frame Dest Src Frame
Deli Data FCS Deli
Control Control Address Address Status
miter miter

1 1 1 6 6 >=0 4 1 1
bytes
Data/Command

Start End
Access
Deli Deli
Control
miter miter
1 1 1

Token

Token Ring
Token Frame Fields

• Start delimiter—Alerts each station of the arrival of a token (or


data/command frame). This field includes signals that distinguish the
byte from the rest of the frame by violating the encoding scheme used
elsewhere in the frame.
• Access-control byte—Contains the Priority field (the most significant
3 bits) and
the Reservation field (the least significant 3 bits), as well as a token bit
(used to differentiate a token from a data/command frame) and a
monitor bit (used by the active monitor to determine whether a frame
is circling the ring endlessly).
• End delimiter—Signals the end of the token or data/command frame.
This field also contains bits to indicate a damaged frame and identify
the frame that is the last in a logical sequence.

Token Ring
Data/Command Frame Fields

• Start delimiter—Alerts each station of the arrival of a token (or


data/command frame). This field includes signals that distinguish the
byte from the rest of the frame by violating the encoding scheme used
elsewhere in the frame.
• Access-control byte—Contains the Priority field (the most significant
3 bits) and
the Reservation field (the least significant 3 bits), as well as a token bit
(used to differentiate a token from a data/command frame) and a
monitor bit (used by the active monitor to determine whether a frame
is circling the ring endlessly).
• Frame-control bytes—Indicates whether the frame contains data or
control information. In control frames, this byte specifies the type of
control information.

Token Ring
Data/Command Frame Fields
• Destination and source addresses—Consists of two 6-byte address
fields that identify the destination and source station addresses.
• Data—Indicates that the length of field is limited by the ring token
holding time, which defines the maximum time a station can hold the
token.
• Frame-check sequence (FCS)—Is filed by the source station with a
calculated value dependent on the frame contents. The destination
station recalculates the value to determine whether the frame was
damaged in transit. If so, the frame is discarded.
• End Delimiter—Signals the end of the token or data/command frame.
The end delimiter also contains bits to indicate a damaged frame and
identify the frame that is the last in a logical sequence.
• Frame Status—Is a 1-byte field terminating a command/data frame.
The Frame Status field includes the address-recognized indicator and
frame-copied indicator.
Token Ring

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