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Chapter 2: Network Devices

This chapter discusses various network devices and network segmentation. It explains that repeaters extend network distances but do not segment networks. Hubs connect cables but do not segment. Bridges and switches segment networks at the data link layer by examining MAC addresses. Routers segment at the network layer using IP addresses and routing tables to connect multiple networks. Brouters act as both bridges and routers while gateways translate between protocols and operate at layers 4 and above.

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192 views42 pages

Chapter 2: Network Devices

This chapter discusses various network devices and network segmentation. It explains that repeaters extend network distances but do not segment networks. Hubs connect cables but do not segment. Bridges and switches segment networks at the data link layer by examining MAC addresses. Routers segment at the network layer using IP addresses and routing tables to connect multiple networks. Brouters act as both bridges and routers while gateways translate between protocols and operate at layers 4 and above.

Uploaded by

Tamptress Vamp
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2: Network Devices

 Explain the uses, advantages, and


disadvantages of repeaters
 Explain the uses, advantages, and

disadvantages of hubs
 Define wireless access points
 Define network segmentation
 Explain network segmentation using bridges
 Explain network segmentation using switches
 Explain network segmentation using routers
 Explain network segmentation using brouters

and gateways
 Length of cable used influence the quality
of communication
 Attenuation
 Repeaters repeat signals

◦ Clean and boost digital transmission


◦ Analog networks use amplifiers to boost signal
 Repeaters only work with the physical signal
◦ Cannot reformat, resize, or manipulate the data
 Physical layer (layer 1) device
 Generic connection device
◦ Physical layer
 Connect several networking cables together
 Active hubs

◦ Multiport repeaters
 Passive hubs
 Hubs and topology
 Advantages of using repeaters
◦ Extend network physical distance
◦ Do not seriously affect network performance
◦ Special repeaters connect different media
 Copper to fiber
 Disadvantages of using repeaters
◦ Cannot connect different network
architectures
 Token Ring and Ethernet
◦ Cannot reduce network traffic
 Disadvantages of using repeaters
 Do not segment the network

◦ Repeat everything without discrimination


◦ Number of repeaters must be limited
 Repeaters are part of a collision domain
 Wireless local area networks (WLANs)
 Wireless access points provide cell-based

areas
◦ Contains radio transceiver
◦ Function like a hub
◦ Bandwidth is shared
◦ May also function as a wireless repeater
 Wireless clients
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD)
 Problems occur with too many nodes on the

same network segment or collision domain


 Collision
◦ Back off algorithm
◦ Back off period
 Segmentation
◦ Collisions and retransmissions are reduced
◦ Contention for bandwidth is reduced
 Operate at the Data Link layer
 Forward or drop frames
 Cannot filter broadcasts
 MAC to segment # table
 MAC to segment # table initial development
 Also called learning bridges
 Build a table of MAC addresses as frames

arrive
 Ethernet networks use transparent bridges
 Token Ring networks use source-routing

bridges
 Used in Token Ring networks
 Rely of source of the frame transmission
 Explorer frames
 Connect networks with different network
architecture
 Example:

◦ Token ring connecting to Ethernet


 Advantages of using a bridge
◦ Extend physical network
◦ Reduce network traffic with minor segmentation
◦ Creates separate collision domains
◦ Reduce collisions
◦ Connect different architecture
 Disadvantages of using bridges
◦ Slower that repeaters due to filtering
◦ Do not filter broadcasts
◦ More expensive than repeaters
 Operate at the Data Link layer
 Increase network performance
 Virtual circuits between source and

destination
 Micro segmentation
 Multiple virtual circuits are called “switched

bandwidth”
 Between two computers using a switch two
collision domains are created each with
dedicated bandwidth
 Between two hubs using a switch two

collision domains are created each with


shared bandwidth
 Filter based on MAC addresses
 Build tables in memory
 Advantages of switches
◦ Increase available network bandwidth
◦ Reduced workload, computers only receive packets
intended for them specifically
◦ Increase network performance
◦ Smaller collision domains
 Disadvantages of switches
◦ More expensive than hubs and bridges
◦ Difficult to trace network connectivity problems
through a switch
◦ Does not filter broadcast traffic
 Provide filtering and network traffic control
 Used on LANs and WANs
 Connect multiple segments and networks
 Multiple routers create an “internetwork”
 Operate at the Network layer
 Create a table to determine how to forward
packets
 Filtering and traffic control base on logical

addresses
 MAC addresses
◦ Data Link layer application
◦ Used by switches, bridges, and routers
◦ Used for directly connected devices
 Logical addresses
◦ Network and transport protocols dictate the
format of the logical network layer address
◦ TCP/IP, IPX/SPX
◦ IP addresses are assigned manually or by
software
 Advantages of routers
◦ Can connect networks of different architecture
 Token Ring to Ethernet
◦ Choose best path through or to a network
◦ Create smaller collision domains
◦ Create smaller broadcast domains
 Disadvantages of routers
◦ Only work with routable protocols
◦ More expensive than hubs, bridges, and switches
◦ Routing table updates consume bandwidth
◦ Increase latency due to a greater degree of packet
filtering and/or analyzing
 Hybrid device
 Functions as a router for routable protocols
 Functions as a bridge for non-routable

protocols
 Operates at Data Link and Network layers
 A gateway is a combination of hardware and
software
 Translate between different protocol suites
 Operates on all 7 layers of the OSI model
 Most negative on network performance

◦ Latency
 Network administrators use devices to control
and extend the usable size of a network
 These devices include repeaters, hubs,
bridges, switches, routers, brouters, and
gateways
 Repeaters work against attenuation by
cleaning and repeating signals that they
receive on a network
 Repeaters work at the Physical layer of the OSI
model
 They cannot connect different network
architectures
 Repeaters do not reduce network traffic or segment
the network
 A hub ties several networking cables together to
create a link between different stations on a
network
 An active hub has its own electrical power and acts
as a repeater, whereas a passive hub provides no
signal regeneration
 Hubs operate at the Physical layer of the OSI model
and do not segment the network
 Network segmentation is the process of isolating
hosts onto smaller segments to reduce the
possibility of collisions
 Bridges and switches are two devices
commonly used to segment networks
 Bridges provide network segmentation by
examining the MAC address that is sent in
the data frame
 Bridges can use transparent bridging or
source-route bridging to determine which
segment includes a specific physical
address
 Bridges operate at the Data Link layer of the
OSI model
 Switches increase network performance by
reducing the number of frames transmitted to
the rest of a network
 They do this by opening a virtual circuit

between the source and the destination


 Switches operate at the Data Link layer of the

OSI model
 Routers operate at the Network layer of the
OSI model and provide filtering and network-
traffic control on LANs and WANs
 They can connect multiple segments and

networks
 On a TCP/IP network, routers use IP addresses

to route packets to the correct network


segment
 Routers use information from routing tables to

move packets from one network to another


 A brouter is a hybrid device that functions
both as a bridge for non-routable protocols
and as a router for routable protocols
 Brouters operate at both the Data Link and
Network layers
 Gateways are usually a combination of
hardware and software and are used to
translate between different protocols
 They usually operate at layer 4 and above in
the OSI model

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