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CNC Machine

This document provides an overview of CNC machines, including: - A brief history of CNC machines and how they evolved from NC machines in the 1940s-1980s. - An introduction to CNC machines as numerically controlled machines determined by an onboard computer. - Descriptions of common CNC machine types and their basic elements and controls. - An explanation of how CNC machines work using G and M codes to control operations. - The advantages of CNC machines being easier programming, storage of programs, and producing complex geometries cheaply and accurately. - The disadvantages including higher costs than manual machines and loss of some manual machining skills.

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Kuhely Ghosh
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346 views

CNC Machine

This document provides an overview of CNC machines, including: - A brief history of CNC machines and how they evolved from NC machines in the 1940s-1980s. - An introduction to CNC machines as numerically controlled machines determined by an onboard computer. - Descriptions of common CNC machine types and their basic elements and controls. - An explanation of how CNC machines work using G and M codes to control operations. - The advantages of CNC machines being easier programming, storage of programs, and producing complex geometries cheaply and accurately. - The disadvantages including higher costs than manual machines and loss of some manual machining skills.

Uploaded by

Kuhely Ghosh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WELCOME

Basic Concept of
CNC Machine
 COOCHBEHAR
WORKSHOP PPT 2019 IN
GOVT ENGINEERING COLLEGE.
Mainak Ghosh (191008)
and
Sanjoy Roy(191042)
Department of CSE
CONTENTS
 History
 CNC Introduction
 Types of CNC machine
 Elements of CNC machine
 Open Loop and Closed Loop control
 How CNC Works
 Features of CNC machine
 CNC programming
 Advantages and disadvantages of CNC machine
 Conclusion
HISTORY
 The first NC machines were built in the 1940s and
1950s by prof. John T Parson.
 CNC machines are came into existence after
evolution of computer around 1980.
 Modern CNC machine are improving further as the
technology is changing with the varity of functions
according to the applications.
CNC Introduction
A numerical control
system in which the
data handling,
control sequences,
and response to input
is determined by an
on- board Computer
System at the
machine tool.
CNC MACHINE
Operations in CNC
CNC Milling

CNC Plasma CNC Electric


Cutter Discharge Machine
Types of CNC Machine
 Plasma
 Spring forming
 Laser cutting machine
 Flame cutting machine
 Electric discharge machine
 WaterJet
 Welding
 CNC punch press
Elements of CNC
Machine
 A CNC machine consists of following 6 mjor
elements:
1. Input Device
2. Machine Control Unit
3. Machine Tool
4. Driving System
5. Feedback Devices
6. Display Unit
Block Diagram of CNC
machine
Open Loop & Closed Loop
Controls

• In Open Loop System the slide may overshoot or may not reach
desired position because of inertia,wear&tear and friction, hence
inaccurate machining.

• In Closed Loop System the position sensors are used to correct slide
. movements and achieve higher accuracy and
repeatability.
How CNC Works

 Controlled by G & M codes.


 These are number values and co-ordinates.
 Each number or code is assigned to a particular
operation.
 Typed in manually to CAD by machine operators.
 G &M codes are automatically generated by the
computer software.
Features of CNC Machinery
 The tools or materials moves automatically.
 Tools can operate in 1-5 axes.
 Larger machines have a machine control unit
(MCU) which manages operations.
 Movement is controlled by motors (actuators).
 Feedback is provided by sensors(trnasducers).
 Tool magazines are used to change tools
automatically.
CNC Progarmming Basics
 CNC instruction are called part program
commands.

 When running a part program is interpreted one


command line at a time until all lins are
completed.

 Commands,which are also reffered to as


blocks,areade up of words which each begin with
a letter address and end with a numerical value.
CNC Progaming
Important things to know: Programming consists of a series of
instructions in form of letter codes.
 Coordinate system.
 Preperatory codes: G codes- Intial
 Units,incremental or absolute machining setup and establishing
positioning. oprating conditions.
 Coordinates:X,Y,Z,RX,RY, RZ. N codes: Specify program line
number to executed by the MCU.
 Feed rate and spindle speed
 Axis Codes: X,Y,Z used to specify
 Coolant control: On/Off, motion of the slide along X,Y,Z
Flood,Mist. direction.
 Tool Control: Tool and Tool  Feed & Speed codes: F & S specify
parameters. feed and spindle speed.
 Tool Codes: T- specify tool number.
 Miscellaneous codes : M Codes for
coolant control and other activities.
Common Format of a Block
Programming Key Letters
 O- Program number (used for program identificaion).
 N- Sequence number (used for line identification).
 G- Preperatory funtion.
 X- X axis designation.
 Y- Y axis designation.
 Z- Z axiz designation.
 R- Radius designation.
 F- Feed rate designation.
 S- Spindle Speed designation.
 H- Tool langth offset designation.
 D- Tool radius offset designation.
 T- Tool designation.
 M- Miscellaneous function.
Advantages of CNC
 Easier to Program.
 Easy storage of existing programs.
 Easy to change a program.
 Avoids human errors.
 CNC machines are safe to operate.
 Complex geometry is produced as cheaply as simply
ones
 Usually generates closer tolerances than manual
machines
Disadvantages
 more expensive than manually operated machines

 The CNC machine operator only needs basic training and


skills, enough to supervise several machines. In years
gone by, engineers needed years of training to operate
centre lathes, milling machines and other manually
operated machines. This means many of the old skills
are been lost.

 Investment in CNC machines can lead to unemployment


Conclusion
 The advantage of a CNC system are that the
operation of a conventional machine is removed and
the part production is made automatic.
 It reduces the labor work and hence highly efficient
in the manufacturing process.
 BHEL generally uses CNC machines to achieve its
manufacturing targets. For manufacturing works of
large scale it is very difficult to work with manual
machines as they are time consuming. CNC machines
have their wide scope because they are easy to
handle, the work becomes easier and jobs are done
with perfection.
THANK YOU

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