Problem with these subjective perceptions of heat is

that they may not be the same for everybody.

We need a thermometer !

The first step to a thermometer

250 BC

Hollow
Philo concluded that the expansion of
H2O
Pb sphere air into the vessel of water remains
independent of the source of heat on
the Pb sphere
Why does water rise in the tube?
Concept test #1

Heat the bulb and the water level rises

Does this thermometer have a problem ?

A No it can measure temperature by recording the height of the water level

B. Yes, because the height of the liquid will vary with atmospheric pressure

C. Yes, because the increase in height of the liquid occurs from capillary effect

D. Yes because the height of the liquid will vary with the height of the water in
the beaker.
Why does water rise in the tube?
Concept test #1

Heat the bulb and the water level rises

Does this thermometer have a problem ?

A No it can measure temperature by recording the height of the water level

B. Yes, because the height of the liquid will vary with atmospheric pressure

C. Yes, because the increase in height of the liquid occurs from capillary effect

D. Yes because the height of the liquid will vary with the height of the water in
the beaker.
Atmospheric pressure at 0o C
Concept test #2

A. ~ 1 Pa

B. ~ 1100 Pa
Density of mercury = 1.364 X 10 4 kgm-3

Density of water = 1000 kgm-3

C. ~ 101300 Pa
Density of Air = 1.2754 kgm-3 at STP

D.76 mm of Hg

E. 760 mm of Hg

F. 7600 mm of Hg
 Concept test #2
Atmospheric pressure at 0o C

A. ~ 1 Pa

B. ~ 1100 Pa
Density of mercury = 1.364 X 10 4 kgm-3

Density of water = 1000 kgm-3

C. ~ 101300 Pa
Density of Air = 1.2754 kgm-3 at STP

D.76 mm of Hg

E. 760 mm of Hg

F. 7600 mm of Hg
 Figure A. The two arms of the manometer are open to atmosphere
Figure B: The liquid column in the manometer when an unknown pressure measur
by connecting the device to arm 1 is shown
State which of the following statements are true
i) A and B measure the same pressure
A B
ii). Pressure in arm 1 > Pressure in arm 2
1 2

iii) Pressure in arm 2 > Pressure in arm 1

iv) Pressure of the device > atmospheric pressure

v) Pressure of the device < atmospheric pressure

Concept test #3 vi) Manometers measure differential pressure
vii)Manometers measure absolute pressure
Figure A. The two arms of the manometer are open to atmosphere
Figure B: The liquid column in the manometer when an unknown pressure measur
by connecting the device to arm 1 is shown
State which of the following statements are true
i) A and B measure the same pressure
A B
ii). Pressure in arm 1 > Pressure in arm 2
1 2

iii) Pressure in arm 2 > Pressure in arm 1

iv) Pressure of the device > atmospheric pressure

v) Pressure of the device < atmospheric pressure

Concept test #3 vi) Manometers measure differential pressure
vii)Manometers measure absolute pressure
 Concept test #4
Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics
A collection of objects

1. Stone, 2. metal, 3. wood 4. wool 5. water,

are placed in contact

After a few hours a thermometer is used to record the temperature of each object

A. The temperature is the same as room temperature for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

B. 3&4 at higher temperature, 1,3& 5 at lower temperature
C. All the objects at a temperature higher than room temperature
D. They continue to remain at the same temperature as they had before they were in contact
 Concept test #4
Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics
A collection of objects

1. Stone, 2. metal, 3. wood 4. wool 5. water,

are placed in contact

After a few hours a thermometer is used to record the temperature of each object

A. The temperature is the same as room temperature for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

B. 3&4 at higher temperature, 1,3& 5 at lower temperature
C. All the objects at a temperature higher than room temperature
D. They continue to remain at the same temperature as they had before they were in contact
 Concept test #5

Pressure exerted
on a fluid

Can the piston defy gravity and remain in the syringe as shown in B ?
If n is the number density of molecules

c is the average velocity of the molecules

Collision rate of the molecules over an area A is

A. nc

B. ncA
AA
C. ncA/6

D. n

E. Not enough information given

If n is the number density of molecules

c is the average velocity of the molecules

Collision rate of the molecules over an area A is

A. nc
AA
B. ncA

C. ncA/6

D. n

E. Not enough information given

Problem 1. Pressure exerted by a fluid

A) A vertical tube of radius 1 cm, open at the top to the atmosphere, contains 2 cm of oil
(ρoil = 0.82ρwater) floating on 3 cm of water.
What is the gauge pressure (pressure in excess of atmospheric) at the bottom?

B) A person wants to suck water through a straw 120 cm tall.

What is the minimum pressure difference between the atmosphere and the inside
of the person’s mouth?

C) A wall of an outdoor pool is 10 m long and 2 m deep. What force is needed to keep it in place?
 Problem 2

One way to determine the Avogadro No. is from the crystal structure. NaCl crystallizes into
a simple cubic lattice with Na and Cl ions at alternate lattice sites. The lattice parameter a
(the separation between each lattice site) is determined from X-ray diffraction to be
0.2818 nm.
Use this information to determine the Avogadro No. [ Molecular weight of NaCl is 58.5,
density is 2.17 ]
 Problem 3

4. Two balls each of mass 1kg moving at 10 metres per second in opposite directions, x
and -x, collide and stick to each other to become a single mass of 2 kg.
i) What is the velocity of this combined mass ?
(you can use the law of conservation of momentum).
ii) What is the kinetic energy of the balls, before the collision? After?
ii) If the specific heat of the material of the balls is 1 kJ kg -1 K -1 then what will the change
in temperature of the balls be?
 Problem 4

.The presssure difference between two layers of atmosphere at h+dh

and h is given by dp=−ρ g dh from force balance.
Here ρ is the mass density. That means that the differential equation
obeyed by the function p(h) is given by dp(h) /dh=−gρ(h) .
Express mass density in terms of the volume of one mole V and the
molecular weight M (This is 29 for air).
Use this to express p as a function of ρ and T . This will give you a
differential equation for ρ as a function of height. You can take ρ=ρ0 and
T=298K at h=0
Solve this differential equation using the ideal gas equation. p=RT /V for
fixed T . Calculate the atmospheric pressure and temperature at the
height of Mount Everest (h=8848 m).