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DR Vijayakumar

The document discusses urethrotomy procedures in dogs and bullocks. It describes the anatomy of the urethra and its division into prostatic, membranous, and penile portions in dogs. For bullocks, it describes the pelvic and extra pelvic parts of the urethra and the surgical sites for urethrotomy. It also summarizes the surgical anatomy of broken horns in cattle and provides instructions for median, ulnar, high and low volar digital nerve blocks and an inverted L block in large animals.

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186 views

DR Vijayakumar

The document discusses urethrotomy procedures in dogs and bullocks. It describes the anatomy of the urethra and its division into prostatic, membranous, and penile portions in dogs. For bullocks, it describes the pelvic and extra pelvic parts of the urethra and the surgical sites for urethrotomy. It also summarizes the surgical anatomy of broken horns in cattle and provides instructions for median, ulnar, high and low volar digital nerve blocks and an inverted L block in large animals.

Uploaded by

varghesesm
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Urethrotomy in Dog

Urethra can be divided into 3 parts - prostatic, membranous, and


the penile.
 The prostatic portion passes through the prostatic gland and
extends from the urinary bladder to the caudal of prostate
 The membranous portion is located between the prostatic gland
and the point where urethra dips into bulb of penis. This part of
urethra is locate dorsal to the symphysis pelvis
 Penile portion of urethra begins from the membrane urethra
and extends upto the external opening
 The whole urethra is enclosed within the corpus carvernosum
urethra, an erectile and extreme vascular structure
 Blood supply of prostatic and membranous urethra comes from
the prostatic and urethral arteries respectively. Veins are the
satellite of the arteries. nerve supply in pelvic plexus
Site of operation in dog
Depending on location of calculi, incision is taken
directly on the mid line over the urethra between
the caudal end of the os penis and scrotum or in
the perineum near the level of ischial arch.
Urethrotomy in Bullock
Urethrotomy in bullock
Surgical anatomy
Urethra is a long mucous membrane tube which extends from the
bladder to the glans penisand consist of pelvic and extra pelvic part

Pelvic part is 10 -12 cm long and is of small and uniform caliber.


The thick urethral muscles enclose the tube ventrally and lateraly
while the dorsal surface is enclosed by thick aponeurosis of the
vesicle and prostate gland and laterally to the bulbourethral gland.

At the ischial arch it turns and passes backwards between the
bulbourethral gland which open into the urethra under a fold of
mucous membrane and forms a blind pouch of 1cm deep on the
dorsal of urethra.ath this place urethra is covered bulbous
cavernosum and ischiocavernosus muscles.
The extra pelvic part passes between the 2 crura of penis
and run along the groove on the ventral surface corpus
cavernosum muscle. It passes through the glans penis and
open via external urethral orifice. The lumen of extra pelvic
part of urethra decreases gradually towards the external
urethral orifice.

Arterial blood supply comes fro the branches of internal


pudic arteries. the veins are the satellites of the arteries.
The autonomic nerve derive from pelvic plexus
Site of operation
Pre scrotal- incision is given anterior to the scrotum over the urethra.
This site is chosen when the obstruction is anterior to the sigmoid
flexure.

Post scrotal - incision is given between the scrotum and ischial arch.
This site is chosen when the obstruction is between the posterior part
of sigmoid flexure and ischial arch.

Ischial - incision is given on the midline just below the sphincter ani
and extends ventrally. This site is chosen when the obstruction is at
neck of bladder.

Para anal - incision is made lateral to anus and in the para rectal
fossa. This site is chosen when the obstruction is at the neck of
bladder.
Brocken Horn
Surgical anatomy of horn
The cornual process of frontal bone forms the core
Cornual process are the osseous structures with the bone of skull
The entire frontal sinus is lined by mucous membrane
The corium of the horn is united to the cornual process by periosteum
The horn proper closely covers the cornual process
The base of horn proper is thin and is continous with epidermis
The horn substance become thicker as it proceeds towards the apex.
Blood supply to the horn is through the cornual artery.
Cornual nerve supplies the horn which is a branch of lacrimal nerve

Site of operation
At the base of horn or below the affected part.
Median Nerve Block
Deposit the anaesthetic
(10ml) just off the
posterior aspect of
the radius and the
medial side where the
superficial pectoral
attaches to the
radius.
Ulnar Nerve Block
 Depost the anaesthetic in
the muscular septum
between the Flexor carpi
ulnaris and Ulnaris
lateralis on the posterior
aspect of the radius
approx. a hand width
above the level of
accessory carpal bone.
Inject some solution
while withdrawing.
High volar digital nerve block.

Deposit the anaesthetic (3 - 4ml) just anterior to


the deep flexor tendon and just posterior ot the
suspensory ligament above the anastomic
branch on both lateral and medial aspect of the
leg.
Low volar nerve block

Deposit 2-3 ml local anaesthetic over the nerve


just anterior to the deep flexor tendon and
posteriorly to the suspensory ligament on both
sides below the anastomic branch
Inverted ‘L’ Block
 The injection of anaesthetic sites are
entire length of the posterior border of last
rib and along a line ventral to the
transverse process from the last rib to L4
and also 2- 4 inch area under L4 should be
injected.
 Infiltration of all layers of skin, muscle and
peritoneum with anaesthetic agent should
be made at this site.

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