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FLUID MECHANICS Buoyancy

This document discusses fluid mechanics concepts related to buoyancy and stability. It defines Archimedes' principle, which states that the buoyant force on an object submerged in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. It explains how buoyant force arises from differences in pressure on submerged surfaces. Methods are provided for calculating the volume or draft of floating objects based on their geometry, specific gravity, and that of the surrounding fluid. The concepts of metacenter, righting moment, and stability are introduced for analyzing how floating bodies resist overturning when tilted. Sample problems demonstrate applications of these principles for determining volumes, buoyant forces, and stability.

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Angelo Colendres
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501 views

FLUID MECHANICS Buoyancy

This document discusses fluid mechanics concepts related to buoyancy and stability. It defines Archimedes' principle, which states that the buoyant force on an object submerged in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. It explains how buoyant force arises from differences in pressure on submerged surfaces. Methods are provided for calculating the volume or draft of floating objects based on their geometry, specific gravity, and that of the surrounding fluid. The concepts of metacenter, righting moment, and stability are introduced for analyzing how floating bodies resist overturning when tilted. Sample problems demonstrate applications of these principles for determining volumes, buoyant forces, and stability.

Uploaded by

Angelo Colendres
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FLUID MECHANICS

ME 323A

ENGR. DENNIS G. QUIVIS


FLUID MECHANICS-ME
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY
323A
Archimedes Principle
Any body immersed in a fluid is subjected to an upward force called buoyant force equal
to the weight of the displaced fluid.

BF=γVd Where
BF = buoyant force
γ = unit weight of fluid
Vd= volume of fluid displaced by the body

Buoyant force acting on a body submerged in fluid is merely the resultant of


two vertical hydrostatic forces. Consider the cylindrical body shown below to
have some length perpendicular to the drawing. The horizontal components of
hydrostatic force acting on the body are in equilibrium because the vertical
projection of the body in opposite sides is the same.
FLUID MECHANICS-ME
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY
323A

The upward force   FV1   is the total force exerted by the fluid on the under surface of the 
body;  the  downward  force    FV2    is  the  total  force  exerted  by  the  fluid  on  the  upper 
surface of the body. Since liquid pressure increases by depth,   FV1   is greater than   FV2. 
  The difference   FV1−FV2  is therefore upward, and this difference is the buoyant force.
FLUID MECHANICS-ME
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY
323A
For homogeneous body of volume   V   "floating" in a homogeneous liquid at 
rest, the volume displaced is

S.G of the body body


Vd  V V
S.G. of the fluid fluid
FLUID MECHANICS-ME
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY
323A
For  a  floating  body  of 
height   H   and constant 
cross-sectional  area 
parallel  to  the  liquid 
surface,  the  submerged 
length   D   is given by
FLUID MECHANICS-ME
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY 323A
For  a  floating  body 
whose  cross-sectional 
area    A    is 
perpendicular  to  the 
liquid  surface,  the 
area  submerged  is 
given by
FLUID MECHANICS-ME
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY
323A
Archimedes’ Principle
For example, the volume of a person is about 0.1 m3, and taking
the density of air to be 1.2 kg/m3, the buoyant force exerted by air
on the person is
FLUID MECHANICS-ME
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY 323A
FLUID MECHANICS-ME
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY 323A
FLUID MECHANICS-ME
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY 323A
Sample Problem:

A piece of wood 305 mm (1 ft)


square and 3 m (10 ft) long,
weighing 6288.46 N/m3 (40
lb/ft3), is submerged vertically in
a body of water, its upper end
being flush with the water
surface. What vertical force is
required to hold it in position?
FLUID MECHANICS-ME
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY 323A
Stability of Floating Bodies
Any floating body is subjected by
two opposing vertical forces.
One is the body's
weight W which is downward,
and the other is the buoyant
force BF which is upward. The
weight is acting at the center of
gravity G and the buoyant force
is acting at the center of
buoyancy BO. W and BF are
always equal and if these forces
are collinear, the body will be in
upright position as shown below.
FLUID MECHANICS-ME
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY 323A
Stability of Floating Bodies
The body may tilt from many causes like wind or wave action causing the center of
buoyancy to shift to a new position BO' as shown below.
FLUID MECHANICS-ME
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY 323A Stability of Floating Bodies
Point M is  the  intersection  of  the  axis  of  the  body  and  the  line  of  action  of  the  buoyant  force,  it  is 
called metacenter.  If M is  above G, BF and W will  produce  a  righting  moment RM which  causes  the 
body  to  return  to  its  neutral  position,  thus  the  body  is  stable.  If M is  below G,  the  body  becomes 
unstable because of the overturning moment OM made by W and BF. If M coincides with G, the body 
is said to be just stable which simply means critical.
FLUID MECHANICS-ME
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY 323A Stability of Floating Bodies

The value of righting moment or overturning moment is given by

Use (-) if G is above BO and (+) if G is below BO. Note that M is always above BO.
FLUID MECHANICS-ME
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY 323A
Stability of Floating Bodies
Value of MBO
Assume that the body is
rectangular at the top
view and
measures B by L at the
waterline when in
upright position. The
moment due to the
shifting of the buoyant
force is equal to the
moment due to shifting
of wedge.
FLUID MECHANICS-ME
323A
Stability of Floating Bodies
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY
FLUID MECHANICS-ME
323A
Stability of Floating Bodies
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY
FLUID MECHANICS-ME
BUOYANCY AND STABILITY 323A Stability of Floating Bodies

Where
W = weight of the body
BF = buoyant force
M = metacenter
G = center of gravity of the body
BO = center of buoyancy in upright position
BO' = center of buoyancy in tilted position
MG = metacentric height or the distance from M to G
MBO = distance from M to BO
GO = distance from G to BO
v = volume of the wedge either immersion or emersion
s = horizontal distance between the center of gravity of the wedges
θ = angle of tilting
I = moment of inertia of the waterline section of the body
RM = righting moment
OM = overturning moment
SeatWork Problems:
1. An iceberg having a specific gravity of 0.92 is floating
on salt water of specific gravity 1.03. If the volume of ice
above the water surface is 1000 cu. M, what is the total
volume of the ice berg?
2. A stone weighs 460 N in air. When submerged in
water it weighs 300 N. Find the volume ans specific
gravity of the stone.
3. A body having a specific gravity of 0.7 floats on a
liquid of specific gravity 0.8. The volume of the body
above the liquid surface is what percent of its total
volume?
4. A block of wood 0.2 m thick is floating in sea water.
The specific gravity of the wood is 0.65 while that of sea
water is 1.03. Find the minimum area of the block which
will support a man weighing 80 Kg.
5. If a 5-Kg steel plate is attached to one end of a 0.1 m
x 0.3 m x 1.2 m wooden pole, what is the length of the
pole above water? Use S.G of wood of 0.5. Neglect
buoyant force on steel.

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