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Volcanic Hazards

This document discusses volcanic hazards and mitigation. It defines volcanoes and volcanism, explains where they form and why. It describes the different types of volcanoes and eruptions. The main volcanic hazards are lava flows, pyroclastic flows, ashfall, lahars, and gases. Mitigation involves monitoring volcanoes, geologic mapping, hazards modeling, warning systems, and community preparedness through education and evacuation planning. The goal is to understand eruption risks and protect lives and property.

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crislaurence sober
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61 views43 pages

Volcanic Hazards

This document discusses volcanic hazards and mitigation. It defines volcanoes and volcanism, explains where they form and why. It describes the different types of volcanoes and eruptions. The main volcanic hazards are lava flows, pyroclastic flows, ashfall, lahars, and gases. Mitigation involves monitoring volcanoes, geologic mapping, hazards modeling, warning systems, and community preparedness through education and evacuation planning. The goal is to understand eruption risks and protect lives and property.

Uploaded by

crislaurence sober
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Volcanic Hazards

What is Volcano?
▰ A vent, hill or mountain from which molten or
hot rocks with gaseous material are ejected.
▰ Also craters, hills or mountains formed by
removal of pre-existing material or by
accumulation of ejected materials.
Where do Volcanoes Form?
What is VOLCANISM?
▰ Volcanism is the phenomenon
of eruption of molten rock onto
the surface of the Earth or a
solid-surface planet or moon,
where lava, pyroclastics and
volcanic gases erupt through a
break in the surface called a
vent.
Why do we Have VOLCANISM?

▰ Long-lived Radioactivity
▰ Accretionary Heating
▰ Core Formation
▰ Tidal Heating
Classification of Volcanoes (PHILVOLCS)

ACTIVE
 Erupted within historical times (last 600 yrs); has historical traditional
accounts, written or oral
 Erupted within geological times (less than or equal to 10,000 yrs)
POTENTIALLY ACTIVE
 Landform is young-looking but with no records of eruptions.
INACTIVE
 No recorded eruptions
 Long-period of inactivity is evident from too much weathering and erosion
of deep and long gullies (valleys)
ACTIVE, INACTIVE & POTENTIALLY
ACTIVE VOLCANOES OF
THE PHILIPPINES

o 300 volcanoes
o 22 considered active
ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Item No. Name of Volcano Latitude Longitude Province

1 Babuyan Claro 19.52408 121.95005 Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan in Luzon


2 Banahaw 14.06038 121.48803 Boundaries of Laguna and Quezon in Luzon
3 Biliran (Anas) 11.63268 124.47162 Leyte in Visayas
4 Bud Dajo 6.01295 121.05772 Sulu in Mindanao
5 Bulusan 12.76853 124.05445 Sorsogon, Bicol Region in Luzon
6 Cabalian 10.27986 125.21598 Southern Leyte in Visayas
7 Cagua 18.22116 122.1163 Cagayan in Luzon
8 Camiguin de Babuyanes 18.83037 121.86280 Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan in Luzon
9 Didicas 19.07533 122.20147 Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan in Luzon
10 Hibok-hibok 9.20427 124.67115 Camiguin in Mindanao
11 Iraya 20.46669 122.01078 Batan Island, Batanes in Luzon
12 Iriga 13.45606 123.45479 Camarines Sur in Luzon
13 Isarog 13.65685 123.38087 Camarines Sur in Luzon
14 Kanlaon 10.41129 123.13243 Negros Oriental
15 Leonard Kniaseff 7.39359 126.06418 Davao del Norte
16 Makaturing 7.64371 124.31718 Lanao del Sur
17 Matutum 6.36111 125.07603 Cotobato in Mindanao
18 Mayon 13.25519 123.68615 Albay, Bicol Region in Luzon
19 Musuan (Calayo) 7.87680 125.06985 Bukidnon in Mindanao
South Cotobato/General Santos/ North Cotabato/Sarangani Provinces in
20 Parker 6.10274 124.88879
Mindanao

21 Pinatubo 15.14162 120.35084 Boundaries of Pampanga, Tarlac and Zambales in Luzon

22 Ragang 7.69066 124.50639 Lanao del Sur and Cotobato in Mindanao


23 Smith 19.53915 121.91367 Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan in Luzon
24 Taal 14.01024 120.99812 Batangas in Luzon
TYPES OF VOLCANO

Types of Volcano
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
VOLCANIC
HAZARDS
VOLCANIC HAZARDS

▰ Volcano-related
phenomena/processes
that pose potential
threat or cause negative
impact to man, property
& and environment, in a
given period of time.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
▰ LAVA FLOWS
▰ PYROCLASTICS FLOWS OR SURGES
▰ ASHFALL
▰ LAHARS
▰ VOLCANIC GASES
▰ FISSURING
▰ TSUNAMIS
▰ DEBRIS AVALANCHE/SECTOR COLLAPSE
ASH FALL/TEPHRA FALL

▰ Gravitational settling of
volcanic ash & fragments
from the umbrella clouds of
tall eruptions columns &
ash clouds of pyroclastic
flows.
ASH FALL/TEPHRA FALL

▰ Dispersal depends on
prevalent wind
directions, column
heights.
IMPACTS OF ASH FALL

▰ Results to widespread
infrastructural damages when
thick.
▰ Monitored worldwide by aviation
agencies because ash fall can
cause potential jet engine failure
to all types of aircrafts.
LAVA FLOW

▰ Incandescent rivers of
hot molten rock (lava)
▰ Usually slow-moving for
moderate-high SiO2
lava; fast –moving for
low Sio2 lava.
IMPACTS OF LAVA FLOW

▰ Main hazard of burial,


generation of deadlier
pyroclastic flows
▰ Results in long term
disuse of buried land
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS & SURGES

▰ Turbulent mass of ejected


fragmented volcanic
materials (ash & rocks) + hot
gases that flow downslope at
very high speeds (>60 kph)
▰ Deadliest of all volcanic
hazards
ORIGINS OF PYROCLASTIC FLOWS & SURGES

▰ Collapse and fallback from tall eruption columns (ST. VINCENT-


Type
▰ Gravitational collapse/ non-explosive avalanching of material
from domes, lava flows (MERAPI- Type)
▰ Explosions during or after the ascent of lava domes (PLEEAN-
Type)
▰ Voluminous silicic magma eruption leading to caldera collapse
(KRAKATOAN- Type)
▰ Voluminous silicic magma eruption from fissure or fault systems
(VTTS or VALLES- Type)
IMPACTS OF PYROCLASTIC FLOWS & SURGES

▰ Burning & incineration of everything in the flow


path
▰ Filling of river valleys with pyroclastic flow deposits
LAHARS

▰ Rapidly thick flowing mixture of volcanic sediments and water


▰ Triggered by rainfall, melting craterial icecaps, lake breakout or
hydrothermal “squeezing”.
TWO CLASSES OF LAHARS

Debris flow
▰ Solid fraction is 60-80% by weight or >60%

by volume
Hyperconcentrated streamflow
▰ Solid fraction 20-60% by weight, 40-60% by

volume
IMPACTS OF LAHAR

▰ Burial
▰ Cutoff and isolation
▰ Long-term siltation &
related flooding
GASES

▰ Basic components of
magma or lava (H2O,
CO2, H2S, F2, SO2,
H2SO4, etc.)
▰ Mostly toxic species
GROUND FISSURING

▰ Due to movement of
magma beneath the
surface
▰ Maybe movements/
adjustments along faults
▰ Accompanied by
earthquakes
DEBRIS AVALANCHE

▰ Produces horseshoe-shaped crater, hummocky topography


VOLCANIC
HAZARDS
MITIGATION
VOLCANIC MONITORING

▰ Indirect
measurement of
the condition of the
magmatic system
VOLCANO-GEOLOGIC MAPPING

▰ Determine eruption history,


eruption recurrence
▰ Determine types & extents
of potential eruptions
▰ Determine eruption behavior
VOLCANIC HAZARDS MODELING

▰ Numerically simulates the extents of volcanic flow based on geological data.


INFORMATION DISSEMINATION
& WARNING

▰ Communicate volcano information to


government /disaster officials for
appropriate mitigation strategies & land
use
▰ Disseminate volcano information to the
public to educate them on appropriate
crisis response
MITIGATION OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS IN
THE COMMUNITY

▰ Determine which areas (schools , communities)


should be evacuated & avoided during eruptions
▰ Determine safe routes & sites for evacuation
▰ Plan location of settlements
▰ Conduct evacuation drills
▰ Observance of PERMANENT DANGER ZONES
(PDZ)
▰ Educating the community on eruption response
VOLCANIC PREPAREDNESS

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