Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis

of Flow Systems
Dr. SALVADOR VARGAS DÍAZ
Semestre 2019-1
Introduction
Most engineering problems can be analyzed using one of
three basic approaches: differential, experimental, and
control volume.
Differential approaches: the problem is formulated accurately using
differential quantities, but the solution is usually relied on the use of
numerical methods.
Experimental approaches: complemented with dimensional analysis
are highly accurate, but they are typically time consuming and
expensive.
Finite control volume approach: described in this chapter is
remarkably fast and simple and usually gives answers that are
sufficiently accurate for most engineering purposes.
The linear momentum and angular momentum equations for
control volumes were developed and use them to determine
the forces and torques associated with fluid flow.
NEWTON’S LAWS AND CONSERVATION
OF MOMENTUM
Newton’s Law

Newton’s first law

Newton’s second law.
Newton’s third law.

For a rigid body of mass m, Newton’s second law is

expressed as
NEWTON’S LAWS AND CONSERVATION
OF MOMENTUM
The product of the mass and the velocity of a body is called
the linear momentum or just the momentum of the body.
Therefore, Newton’s second law can also be stated as the
rate of change of the momentum of a body is equal to the
net force acting on the body
Newton’s second law  the linear momentum equation in
fluid mechanics
The momentum of a system is conserved when it remains
constant  the conservation of momentum principle.
Momentum is a vector. Its direction is the direction of
velocity.
NEWTON’S LAWS AND CONSERVATION
OF MOMENTUM

Newton’s second law for rotating rigid bodies is

expressed as

where is the net moment or torque applied on

the body, I is the moment of inertia of the body
about the axis of rotation, and is the angular
acceleration.
NEWTON’S LAWS AND CONSERVATION
OF MOMENTUM
The rate of change of angular momentum is

Where is the angular velocity.

The rate of change of the angular momentum of a

body is equal to the net torque acting on it
The conservation of angular momentum principle
is hold as
CHOOSING A CONTROL VOLUME

How to wisely select a

control volume?
A control volume can be
selected as any arbitrary
region in space through
which fluid flows.
A control volume and its
bounding control surface
can be fixed, moving, and
even deforming during flow.
CHOOSING A CONTROL VOLUME

for moving but nondeforming control volumes

= 0 for fixed ones

FORCES ACTING ON A CONTROL VOLUME

The forces include:

Body forces: act throughout the
entire body of the control
volume (such as gravity, electric,
and magnetic forces)
Surface forces: act on the control
surface (such as pressure and
viscous forces and reaction
forces at points of contact).
Total force acting on control
volume is expressed as
Body Forces

Body force: the only

body force considered in
this text is gravity

where

Therefore, the total body force is

On earth at sea level, the
gravitational constant g is
equal to 9.807 m/s2.
Surface Forces
Surface forces: are not as
simple to analyze since they
consist of both normal and
tangential components.
Diagonal components xx , yy ,
zz are called normal stresses
and are due to pressure and
viscous stresses.
Off-diagonal components xy,
xz, etc. are called shear
stresses and are due solely to
viscous stresses.
Surface Forces
The physical force acting on a surface is independent of
orientation of the coordinate axes.
Surface Forces

The dot product of a second-order tensor and a

vector yields a second vector whose direction is
the direction of the surface force itself.
Surface force acting on a differential surface
element:

Total surface force acting on CS

FORCES ACTING ON A CONTROL VOLUME

Total force:

The control volume is

drawn similar to drawing a
free-body diagram in your
statics and dynamics classes.
Which one (CV A and CV B)
is a wise choice if we want
to calculate the force on the
flange?
THE LINEAR MOMENTUM EQUATION
THE LINEAR MOMENTUM EQUATION
-Special Cases

During steady flow, the

amount of momentum
within the control volume
remains constant. The linear
momentum equation
becomes

Momentum flow rate across a uniform inlet or outlet in

algebraic form:
Momentum-Flux Correction Factor, b
Since the velocity across most inlets and outlets is not uniform,
the momentum-flux correction factor, b, is used to patch-up
the error in the algebraic form equation. Therefore,

Momentum flux across an inlet or outlet:

Momentum-flux correction factor:

EXAMPLE: Momentum-Flux Correction
Factor for Laminar Pipe Flow
Consider laminar flow
Solution:
through a very long straight
section of round pipe. The
velocity profile through a
cross-sectional area of the
pipe is

Calculate the momentum-

flux correction factor
Note: For turbulent flow b may have an insignificant effect at inlets
through a cross
and outlets, but forsection
laminar of
flow b may be important and should not
the pipe
be neglected.
Steady linear momentum equation

The net force acting on the

control volume during
steady flow is equal to the
difference between the
rates of outgoing and
incoming momentum flows.
Therefore,

One inlet and one outlet:

Flow with No External Forces

This is a common situation for space vehicles and satellites.

For a control volume with multiple inlets and outlets, the
linear momentum equation is

This is an expression of the conservation of momentum

principle.
If m remains nearly constant, then
Flow with No External Forces

In this case, the control

volume can be treated as a
solid body, with a thrust of

This approach can be used

to determine the linear
acceleration of space
vehicles when a rocket is
fired.
EXAMPLE: The Force to Hold a
Reversing Elbow in Place
A reversing
Solution: Theelbow
verticalMakes the
component of the anchoring force at the connection of
fluid a 180° U-turn before it is
the elbow to the pipe is zero, since weight is neglected. Only the FRx
discharged at a rate of 14 kg/s,
is considered.
The cross-sectional area of the
elbow is 113 cm2 at the inlet
and 7 cm2 at the outlet. The
elevation difference between
the centers of the inlet and the
exit sections is still 0.3 m.
Determine the anchoring force
needed to hold the elbow in
place. (the weight of the
elbow and the water are
neglected)

Where b is 1.03.
EXAMPLE: Repositioning of a Satellite

Solution:
An orbiting satellite has a mass of
msat = 5000 kg and is traveling at a
constant velocity of V0. To alter its
orbit, an attached rocket
discharges mf = 100 kg of gases
from the reaction of solid fuel at
a velocity Vf = 3000 m/s relative
to the satellite in a direction
opposite to V0. The fuel discharge
rate is constant for 2 s. Determine
(a) the acceleration of the
satellite during this 2-s period, (b)
the change of velocity of the
satellite during this time period,
and (c) the thrust exerted on the
satellite.
The thrust exerted on the satellite is
REVIEW OF ROTATIONAL MOTION
AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM
The motion of a rigid body:
(Translation of + Rotation about) the center of
mass.
The translational motion can be analyzed
using the linear momentum equation.
Rotational motion is described with angular
quantities such as the angular distance ,
angular velocity v, and angular acceleration a.
REVIEW OF ROTATIONAL MOTION
AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM

where V is the linear velocity and at is the linear acceleration in the

tangential direction for a point located at a distance r from the axis of
rotation.
1 rad =
Moment or Torque
Newton’s second law requires that there must be a force
acting in the tangential direction to cause angular
acceleration.
The strength of the rotating effect, called the moment or
torque, is proportional to the magnitude of the force and its
distance from the axis of rotation.
The perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the
line of action of the force is called the moment arm.
The torque M acting on a point mass m at a normal distance
r from the axis of rotation is expressed as
Moment or Torque
The total torque acting on a rotating rigid body about an axis
can be determined by

where I is the moment of inertia of the body about the axis of

rotation, which is a measure of the inertia of a body against
rotation.
Note that unlike mass, the rotational inertia of a body also
depends on the distribution of the mass of the body with
respect to the axis of rotation.
Moment or Torque
The total torque acting on a rotating rigid body about an axis
can be determined by

where I is the moment of inertia of the body about the axis of

rotation, which is a measure of the inertia of a body against
rotation.
Note that unlike mass, the rotational inertia of a body also
depends on the distribution of the mass of the body with
respect to the axis of rotation.
Angular momentum
The moment of momentum,
called the angular
momentum, of a point mass
m about an axis can be
expressed as

the total angular momentum

of a rotating rigid body can be
determined by integration to
be
Angular momentum

The vector form of angular momentum can be expressed as

Note that the angular velocity is the same at every point of a

rigid body.
The moment, the rate of change of angular momentum, is
Shaft power
The angular velocity of
rotating machinery is
typically expressed in rpm
and denoted by .
The angular velocity of
rotating machinery is
(rad/min)
The power transmitted by a
shaft rotating at an rpm of
under the influence of an
applied torque M is
Rotational kinetic energy

The rotational kinetic energy of a body of mass m at a

distance r from the axis of rotation is

The total rotational kinetic energy of a rotating rigid body

about an axis can be determined by
Centripetal acceleration and force
During rotational motion, the direction of velocity changes
even when its magnitude remains constant.
The centripetal acceleration changes the direction of the
velocity. Its magnitude is

Centripetal acceleration is directed toward the axis of

rotation. The centripetal force, which induces the
acceleration, is

Tangential and radial accelerations are perpendicular to

each other, and the total linear acceleration is determined
by their vector sum,
THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

Many engineering problems

involve the moment of the linear
momentum of flow streams, and
the rotational effects caused by
them, which are best analyzed by
the angular momentum equation,
The moment of a force about a
point O is the vector (or cross)
product.

Whose magnitude is
THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

The sense of the moment vector

is determined by the right-hand
rule
Replacing the vector by the
momentum vector gives the
moment of momentum, also called
the angular momentum

The angular momentum of a

differential mass dm is

Moment of momentum (system):

THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

Rate of change of moment of momentum:

The rate of change of angular momentum of a system is equal

to the net torque acting on the system (valid for a fixed
quantity of mass and an inertial reference frame).
THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

Applying
the RTT
THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM EQUATION -Special
Cases
Steady Flow:

In many practical applications, an approximate form of the

angular momentum equation in terms of average properties
at inlets and outlets becomes

No correction factor is introduced since it varies from problem

to problem and the induced error is small.
Steady Flow
Flow with No External Moments

When there are no external moments applied, the angular

momentum equation reduces to

When the moment of inertia I of the control volume

remains constant, then
Radial-Flow Devices
Flow in the radial direction normal to the axis of rotation and
are called radial flow devices.
In a centrifugal pump, the fluid enters the device in the axial
direction through the eye of the impeller, and is discharged in
the tangential direction.
Radial-Flow Devices
Consider a centrifugal pump. The
impeller section is enclosed in the
control volume.
The average flow velocity, in
general, has normal and
tangential components at both
the inlet and the outlet of the
impeller section.
when the shaft rotates at an
angular velocity of v, the
impeller blades have a tangential
velocity of vr1 at the inlet and
vr2 at the outlet.
Radial-Flow Devices

The conservation of mass

equation tells

where b1 and b2 are the flow

widths at the inlet and outlet.
Then the average normal
components are
Radial-Flow Devices

The normal velocity components and pressure act

through the shaft center and contribute no torque. Only
the tangential velocity components contribute to the
angular momentum equation, which gives the famous
Euler’s turbine formula.

In the idealized case,

The shaft power
EXAMPLE: Bending Moment Acting at the
Base of a Water Pipe
Underground water is pumped to a
sufficient height through a 10-cm
diameter pipe that consists of a 2-m-
long vertical and 1-m-long horizontal
section. Water discharges to
atmospheric air at an average velocity of
3 m/s, and the mass of the horizontal
pipe section when filled with water is 12
kg per meter length. The pipe is
anchored on the ground by a concrete
base. Determine the bending moment
acting at the base of the pipe (point A)
and the required length of the
horizontal section that would make the
moment at point A zero.
EXAMPLE: Bending Moment Acting at the
Base of a Water Pipe
Solution

Conservation of mass gives

Therefore, we can get

Then the angular momentum equation about point A becomes

EXAMPLE: Bending Moment Acting at the
Base of a Water Pipe
Therefore,

Setting MA = 0, then we can get

EXAMPLE: Power Generation from a
Sprinkler System
A large lawn sprinkler with four
identical arms is to be converted into a
turbine to generate electric power by
attaching a generator to its rotating
head. Water enters the sprinkler from
the base along the axis of rotation at a
rate of 20 L/s and leaves the nozzles in
the tangential direction. The sprinkler
rotates at a rate of 300 rpm in a
horizontal plane. The diameter of each
jet is 1 cm, and the normal distance
between the axis of rotation and the
center of each nozzle is 0.6 m. Estimate
the electric power produced.
EXAMPLE: Power Generation from a
Sprinkler System
Solution
EXAMPLE: Power Generation from a
Sprinkler System