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The Counting Principle

The document discusses counting principles and permutations. It provides examples of using tree diagrams and the fundamental counting principle to calculate the number of possible outcomes in probability experiments involving multiple variables. It also defines permutations as arrangements of objects where order is important, and provides the formula P(n,r) to calculate permutations of n objects taken r at a time. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating permutations for varying values of n and r.

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Jee
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© © All Rights Reserved
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102 views

The Counting Principle

The document discusses counting principles and permutations. It provides examples of using tree diagrams and the fundamental counting principle to calculate the number of possible outcomes in probability experiments involving multiple variables. It also defines permutations as arrangements of objects where order is important, and provides the formula P(n,r) to calculate permutations of n objects taken r at a time. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating permutations for varying values of n and r.

Uploaded by

Jee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

ham, turkey, beef , pork


white, wheat, cake
2. chicken, pork, beef
plain rice, fried rice
banana, mango
3. 3 digit number
0, 3, 4, 8
The
Counting
Principle
Counting Outcomes
- These companies can use (2) ideas
related to combinations to make these
claims:

(1) TREE DIAGRAMS

(2) THE FUNDAMENTAL


COUNTING PRINCIPLE
Counting Outcomes

(1) TREE DIAGRAMS

A tree diagram is a diagram used to show


the total number of possible outcomes in
a probability experiment.
Counting Outcomes

(2) THE FUNDAMENTAL


COUNTING PRINCIPLE

The Counting Principle uses multiplication of


the number of ways each event in an
experiment can occur to find the number
of possible outcomes in a sample space.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WdSJh
EIrQk&safe=active
Counting Outcomes
Example 1: Tree Diagrams.
A new polo shirt is released in 4 different
colors and 5 different sizes. How many
different color and size combinations are
available to the public?

Colors – (Red, Blue, Green, Yellow)


Styles – (S, M, L, XL, XXL)
The Tree Diagram
A Different Way
Example 1: The Counting Principle.
A new polo shirt is released in 4 different
colors and 5 different sizes. How many
different color and size combinations are
available to the public?

Colors – (Red, Blue, Green, Yellow)


Styles – (S, M, L, XL, XXL)
Counting Outcomes
Example 1: The Fundamental Counting
Principle.
Answer.

Number of Number of Number of


Possible Styles Possible Sizes Possible Comb.

4 x 5 = 20
So when should I use a tree diagram or
the fundamental counting principle?
- A tree diagram is used to:
(1) show sample space;
(2) count the number of preferred outcomes.

- The fundamental counting principle can


be used to:
(1) count the total number of outcomes.
Example 1
 You are purchasing a new car. Using the
following manufacturers, car sizes and colors,
how many different ways can you select one
manufacturer, one car size and one color?

Manufacturer: Ford, GM, Chrysler


Car size: small, medium
Color: white(W), red(R), black(B), green(G)
Solution
 There are three choices of manufacturer, two
choices of car sizes, and four colors. So, the
number of ways to select one manufacturer, one
car size and one color is:

3 ●2●4 = 24 ways.
Ex. 2 Using the Fundamental Counting
Principle
 The access code for a car’s security system
consists of four digits. Each digit can be 0
through 9. How many access codes are possible
if each digit can be repeated?
A close friend invited Anna to her birthday party.
Anna has 4 new blouses (stripes, with ruffles, long-
sleeved, and sleeveless) and 3 skirts (red, pink, and
black) in her closet reserved for such occasions.
1. Assuming that any skirt can be paired with any
blouse, in how many ways can Anna select her
outfit? List the possibilities.
2. How many blouse-and-skirt pairs are possible?
3. Show another way of finding the answer in item
B. Suppose you secured your bike using a
combination lock. Later, you realized that you
forgot the 4-digit code. You only remembered that
the code contains the digits 1, 3, 4, and 7.
1. List all the possible codes out of the given
digits. 2. How many possible codes are there?
3. What can you say about the list you made? 15. c
1. In how many ways can 3 books A,B,C be
arranged in a shelf?
2. How many 3 -digit numbers can be formed if
there is no repetition of the digits?
3. How many 3 -digit numbers can be formed if
repetition of the digits is allowed?
Permutations
 ways to count the possibilities
Permutations
The notation P(n,r) represents the number of permutations
(arrangements) of n objects taken r at a time when r is less
than or equal to n. In a permutation, the order is important.
In our example, we have P(3,2) which represents the number of
permutations of 3 objects taken 2 at a time.
In our case, P(3,2) = 6 = (3)(2)

In general, P(n,r) = n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)…(n-r+1)


More examples
Use the definition P(n,r) = n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)…(n-r+1)

 Find P(5,3)
 Here, n = 5 and r = 3 so we have P(5,3) = (5)(5-1)5-3+1) =
 5(4)3 = 60. This means there are 60 arrangements of 5 items taken 3
at a time.
 Application: How many ways can 5 people sit on a park bench if the
bench can only seat 3 people?
 Solution: Think of the bench as three slots ___ ___ ___ .
 There are five people that can sit in the first slot, leaving four remaining
people to sit in the second position and finally 3 people eligible for the
third slot. Thus, there are 5(4)(3)=60 ways the people can sit. The
answer could have been found using the permutations formula: P(5,3)
= 60, since we are finding the number of ways of arranging 5 objects
taken 3 at a time.
P(n,n)= n(n-1)(n-2)…1
 Find P(5,5) , the number of
arrangements of 5 objects taken 5
at a time.

 Answer: P(5,5) = 5(5-1)…(5-5+1)


= 5(4)(3)(2)(1)=120.
 Application: A bookshelf has space
for exactly 5 books. How many
different ways can 5 books be
arranged on this bookshelf?
 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Think of 5
slots, again. There are five choices
for the first slot, 4 for the second
and so on until there is only 1
choice for the final slot. The answer
is 5(4)(3)(2)(1)
which is the same as P(5,5) = 120.

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