Flux and MMF Phasors

The flux produced by field winding

MMF is sinusoidal
MMF Flux is sinusoidal

1 3 3 1
No of 2 4 4 2
conductors
Therefore, Induced
armature voltage is
sinusoidal.
 Salient Pole
Synchronous Machines

Analysis of Phasor Diagram

 Salient Pole Synchronous Machines
Pharos Diagram of Saturated Machines

Vt
Saturation means more flux.
More flux is along d axis. Iara
Under saturation reactance Ef
is negligible. q
δ
So under saturation Xd is
negligible. Iq θ Ia
Value of Xq is fixed ψ
d Id
Voltage eqn for Motor
Vt=Ef +Iara +jIaXq Phasor Diagram is Similar to
Cyl. Rotor Motor
 Analysis of Phasor Diagram
In the problem, generally Vt or Vb or Va, Ia, power
factor angle θ, Xd, Xq are given.
But for calculating Id and Iq, the power angle δ must be
known.
For this purpose, analysis of phasor diagram is required.

First consider the phasor diagram of salient pole syn

generator at lagging power factor.
 Analysis of Phasor Diagram
First draw a perpendicular line from tip of Iara for
GEN.
Since it is perpendicular to Iara, it is a reactance drop
jIaX
jIqXq From tip of Iara,draw perpendicular line
Ef jIdXd on ob
b
Ef ’ Extend Ia line
Consider triangle oa’b and acb
a
c
Vt Iara Therefore bac = δ+θ
δ a’
Iq x ab=IaX ac=ab cos(δ+θ)
θ
Ia ab=IaXq IqXq=IaX cos(δ+θ)
o Id IqXq=IqX
Xq=X (1)
 Ef ’=ob=Vt +Iara +jIaXq =[Mag] δ
Thus δ is calculated
jIqXq The δ can also be calculated from Δoa’b
Ef jIdXd a ' b a ' a  ab
tan     
b
Ef ’ 
oa' ox  xa'
a Vt sin   I a X q
c
Vt Iara  ...........(2)
δ a’ Vt cos  I a ra
Iq x
θ
Ia
o Id
 Now obtain Ef - Ef ’

bd  cd  cb
jIqXq  I d X d  I a X q sin(    )
Ef d
b jIdXd  Id X d  Id X q
Ef ’
 ( X d  X q )Id
a
c
Vt Iara So Ef >Ef ’
δ a’
Iq x
θ
Ia Ef =Ef ’+bd
o Id  E f  Vt  I a ra  jI a X q  ( X d  X q ) I d ... (3)
 Consider Syn Gen with Leading Power Factor
First draw a perpendicular line from tip of Iara for
(GEN)
a Iara Since it is perpendicular to I ar a, it
d is a reactance drop jIaX
a’
jIdXd Vt ab=jIaX
c
Efb jIqXq From tip of Iara,draw
Ef perpendicular line on ob
e
’ δ
e’ Iq Extend Ia line
Ia θ Draw line parallel to ae

Id o
 Consider Syn Gen with Leading Power Factor
Consider triangles abd and obe
θ- δ Angle dab=θ- δ
d a Iara ad=ab cos(θ-δ)
a’
jIdXd Vt IqXq=IaX cos(θ-δ)
c IqXq=IqX
Efb jIqXq
Ef ’ Xq=X ……(1)
e δ
e’ Iq Ef ’=Vt+Iara+jIaXq=[Mag] δ
Ia θ
Thus δ is calculated
Id o
 The δ can also be calculated from Δoeb
eb ea  ab
tan     
θ- δ oe oe'e' e
d a Iara Vt sin   I a X q
a’  ...........(2)
jIdXd Vt Vt cos  I a ra
c
Now obtain Ef - Ef ’
Efb jIqXq
Ef ’ bc  bd  dc
e δ  I a X q sin(    )  I d X d
e’ Iq
 Id X q  Id X d
Ia θ
 Id ( X q  X d )
Id o So Ef ’ >Ef
 E f  Vt  I a ra  jI a X q  I d ( X d  X q ) ... (3)
 Now consider the phasor diagram of salient pole
syn MOTOR at lagging power factor.
θ-δ
Iara jIqXq d
First draw a perpendicular line c
from base of Iara for MOTOR. Vt jIdXd
Extend Ia line
b Ef ’
bc is perpendicular to Ia, so Ef e
must be reactive drop IaX δ
I a
Consider Δ oab and bcd q θ
Ia
bcd =θ-δ
Id
bc=IaX cd=bc cos(θ-δ) =IaX cos(θ-δ) o
IqXq =IqX
Xq =X…………(1)
 Now consider the phasor diagram of salient pole
syn MOTOR at lagging power factor.
θ-δ
Iara jIqXq d
Ef ’= Vt- Iara- jIaXq c
V jIdXd
=[Mag] δ t

Thus δ is calculated b Ef
The δ can also be calculated from Δoab Ef ’e
ab ac  bc δ a’
tan      Iq a
oa oa ' aa ' θ
Ia
Vt sin   I a X q
 ...........(2) Id
Vt cos  I a ra o
 Now consider the phasor diagram of salient pole
syn MOTOR at lagging power factor.
θ-δ
Now obtain Ef ’- Ef Iara jIqXq d
be  de  db c jIdXd
 I d X d  I a X q sin(    ) Vt

 Id X d  Id X q b Ef
 I d ( X d  X q ) =Positive Ef ’e
δ a’
Ef ’ >Ef Iq a
θ
Ia
Id
 E f  Vt  I a ra  jI a X q  I d ( X d  X q ) ... (3) o
 Now consider the phasor diagram of salient pole
syn MOTOR at leading power factor.
First draw a perpendicular line
jIqXq d
from base of Iara for MOTOR.
and extend Ia line jIdXd c Ef
Iara Ef ’
bc is perpendicular to Ia, so
θ+δ
must be reactive drop IaX a’ Vt b e
From base of Iara,draw a
perpendicular line on od δ
Ia θ Iq
Consider Δ bce and oac
cbe =θ+δ
Id o
bc=IaX, be=bc cos(θ+δ) =IaX cos(θ+δ)
IqXq=IqX
 Xq =X…………(1)
 Now consider the phasor diagram of salient pole
syn MOTOR at leading power factor.

jIqXq d
Ef ’= Vt- Iara- jIaXq jIdXd c Ef
=[Mag] δ Iara Ef
Thus δ is calculated θ+δ ’
a’ Vt b e
The δ can also be calculated from Δoac
a δ
ac ab  bc
tan      I Iq
oa oa ' aa ' a θ
Vt sin   I a X q
 ...........(2)
Vt cos  I a ra Id o
 Now consider the phasor diagram of salient pole
syn MOTOR at leading power factor.

Now obtain Ef - Ef ’ jIqXq d

cd  de  ce jIdXd c Ef
 I d X d  I a X q sin(    ) Iara Ef ’
 Id X d  Id X q θ+δ
a’ Vt b e
 Id ( X d  X q )
a δ
Ef >Ef ’ Ia θ Iq
Ef =Ef ’+cd
 E f  Vt  I a ra  jI a X q  I d ( X d  X q ) ... (3) Id o
 Example

A salient pole synchronous generator has the

following per unit parameters:
Xd=1.2, Xq=0.8, ra=0.025
Compute the excitation voltage Ef on a per unit basis,
when the generator is delivering rated kVA at rated voltage
and
at power factor of (a) 0.8 lagging and (b) 0.8 leading
 Solution
The voltage equation for salient pole syn generator is:

Ef=Vt +Iara +jIdXd +jIqXq Ef is always

jIqXq along q axis
Ef First calculate δ
jIdXd
Ef ’=Vt +Iara +jIaXq
(a) With Vt as a reference phasor,
Vt =Rated voltage Vt =1.00+j0.00
Vt Iara
δ θ For rated kVA, Ia= Rated value
Iq Ia Ia =1.00 -36.9 For 0.8 pf lagging
=0.8 - j0.6
Id Iara =(0.8 - j0.6)(0.25)
=(0.02 - j0.015)
 Solution
jIaXq = j(0.8 - j0.6)(0.8)
= (0.48 +j0.64)
Ef ’=Vt +Iara +jIaXq
jIqXq
=(1.00+j0.00)+ (0.02 - j0.015)+
Ef jIdXd (0.48 +j0.64)
Ef ’ = 1. 5 +j0.625
= 1. 625 22.62
Vt Iara δ=22.620 and δ+θ=22.62+36.9=59.52
Iq δ θ
Ia Id = Iasin(δ+θ) = 1.00 sin(59.52)
=0.862
Id Iq = Iacos(δ+θ) =0.507
 Ef= Ef ’+Id (Xd-Xq)
= 1.9698 22.62
(b) Phasor diagram for leading pf
θ=+36.9
Ia=0.8 + j0.6 Iara=0.02 + j0.015
jIqXq jIaXq=-0.48+ j0.64
Ef jIdXd Ef ’=Vt +Iara +jIaXq
50.50 0
=0.549+j0.655=0.849
Ef ’
δ Vt Iara δ= 50.500
Ia δ-θ=13.6
Iq θ
Id=0.235
Ef= Ef ’+Id (Xd-Xq)
Id 0
= 0.943 50.50
Assignment 21

October 04, 2019 Friday

Assignment 21

October 04, 2019 Friday