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Design Notation and Specification

The document discusses program structure and structure charts (SCs). It states that SCs graphically represent the structure of a program using boxes for modules and arrows between boxes to show connections and data flow. Well-structured programs have different types of modules like input, output, and processing. SCs show the static structure of a program and how decisions and loops can be included. The structure is designed first and then implemented while keeping the same structure. Structure affects maintainability, so structured design methodology aims to control structure. Data flow diagrams are also discussed as a way to represent a system using processes, external entities, data stores, and data flows between them.

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زین علی
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1K views

Design Notation and Specification

The document discusses program structure and structure charts (SCs). It states that SCs graphically represent the structure of a program using boxes for modules and arrows between boxes to show connections and data flow. Well-structured programs have different types of modules like input, output, and processing. SCs show the static structure of a program and how decisions and loops can be included. The structure is designed first and then implemented while keeping the same structure. Structure affects maintainability, so structured design methodology aims to control structure. Data flow diagrams are also discussed as a way to represent a system using processes, external entities, data stores, and data flows between them.

Uploaded by

زین علی
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Design notation and

specification
Structured Design Methodology
Program Structure and Structure Charts

 Every program has a structure


 Structure Chart - graphic representation of structure
 SC represents modules and interconnections
 Each module is represented by a box
 If A invokes B, an arrow is drawn from A to B
 Arrows are labeled by data items
 Different types of modules in a SC
 Input, output, transform and coordinate modules
 A module may be a composite
 SC shows the static structure, not the logic
 Different from flow charts
 Major decisions and loops can be shown
 Structure is decided during design
 Implementation does not change structure
 Structure effects maintainability
 SDM aims to control the structure
SC of a Sort Program
Diff types of modules
Iteration and decision
Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs)

The DFD (also known as the bubble chart) is a simple graphical


formalism that can be used to represent a system in terms of
1. the input
2. data to the system,
3. various processing carried out on those data, and
4. the output data generated by the system.
 Starting with a set of high-level functions that a system
performs, a DFD model represents the sub-functions performed
by the functions using a hierarchy of diagrams
 In a hierarchical model, starting with a very abstract model of a
system, various details of the system are slowly introduced
through different levels of the hierarchy.
 We now elaborate the different concepts associated with
building a DFD model of a system.
Primitive symbols used for
constructing DFDs
 There are essentially five different types of symbols used for
constructing DFDs. These primitive symbols are depicted in
following Figure:
Function symbol: A function is represented using a circle. This
symbol is called a process or a bubble.
External entity symbol: Represented by a rectangle. Essentially
those physical entities external to the software system which
interact with the system by inputting data to the system or by
consuming the data produced by the system.
 In addition to the human users, they can be used to represent
external hardware and software such as another application
software that would interact with the software being modelled.
Data flow symbol: A directed arc (or an arrow) is used as a data
flow symbol.
A data flow symbol represents the data flow occurring between
two processes or between an external entity and a process in the
direction of the data flow arrow.
Data store symbol: A data store is represented using two parallel
lines.
 It represents a logical file. That is, a data store symbol can
represent either a data structure or a physical file on disk.
 Each data store is connected to a process by means of a data
flow symbol.
 The direction of the data flow arrow shows whether data is
being read from or written into a data store.
Output symbol: The output symbol is used when a hard copy is
produced.
Data Flow Model of a Car
Assembly Unit
Engine Store Door Store

Partly
Assembled
Car
Fit Fit Fit Paint and
Engine Doors Wheels Test
Chassis Assembled
with Engine Car Car

Chassis Store Wheel Store

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