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SWEE

The document discusses solar and wind energy engineering. It covers topics like solar radiation, types of solar collectors, solar photovoltaic and thermal technologies, and wind energy. Measurement of solar radiation is also discussed along with instruments like pyranometers and pyrheliometers. Flat plate solar collectors and their operation are explained through diagrams of collector components and the heat balance equation.

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vikirhythm
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198 views

SWEE

The document discusses solar and wind energy engineering. It covers topics like solar radiation, types of solar collectors, solar photovoltaic and thermal technologies, and wind energy. Measurement of solar radiation is also discussed along with instruments like pyranometers and pyrheliometers. Flat plate solar collectors and their operation are explained through diagrams of collector components and the heat balance equation.

Uploaded by

vikirhythm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

AI8604
SOLAR AND WIND
ENERGY ENGINEERING
AI8604 -SOLAR AND WIND
2
ENERGY ENGINEERING
UNIT I : SOLAR ENERGY RADIATION AND SOLAR
THERMAL COLLECTORS

UNIT II : SOLAR CONCENTRATING COLLECTORS


UNIT III : SOLAR PV TECHNOLOGY
UNIT IV : WIND ENERGY
UNIT V : WIND MILL TYPES AND APPLICATIONS
CONTENTS
3

 Introduction to Solar Radiation


 Introduction to Solar energy Engineering
 Solar radiation availability and it’s measurement
Solar Radiation - Introduction
4

 Solar radiation is a general term for the


electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun.
 Solar radiation can be captured and turned into
useful forms of energy, such as
 heat

 electricity

“using a variety of technologies”


Solar Radiation - Introduction
5

 Energy is radiated by the sun as emw of which


99% have wavelengths in the range of
0.2 μm to 4 μm
 Solar energy reaching the top of the earth’s

atmosphere consists of
 8% UV – <0.39 μm
 46% visible light – 0.39 μm to 0.78 μm
 46% IR - >0.78 μm
Sun–earth relationship.
6
Solar Engineering - Introduction
7

 Solar Engineering deals with the design and


development of power plants, systems and
products that operate on solar power.
 Solar energy engg is also aimed at developing
components and system to harness the massive
amounts of energy transmitted from the sun to Earth.
 Photovoltaics – the conversion of light into electricity.
 Thermal – the conversion of heat into electricity.
Solar radiation availability and it’s
8
measurement
 The fraction of the energy flux
emitted by the sun and intercepted
by the earth is characterized by
the solar constant.
 The solar constant is defined as
essentially the measure of the
solar energy flux density
perpendicular to the ray direction
per unit area per unit time.
 It is most precisely measured by
satellites outside the earth
atmosphere. The solar constant is
currently estimated at 1367 W/m2
Solar radiation availability
9

The amount of solar radiation that reaches any one


spot on the Earth's surface varies according to:
 Geographic location

 Time of day

 Season

 Local landscape

 Local weather.
Solar radiation availability
10

 As the solar radiation passes through the atmosphere, it gets


absorbed, scattered, reflected, or transmitted.
 All these processes result in reduction of the energy flux
density.
 Actually, the solar flux density is reduced by about 30%
compared to extraterrestrial radiation flux on a sunny day
and is reduced by as much as 90% on a cloudy day.
The following main losses should be noted:
 absorbed by particles and molecules in the atmosphere

 reflected and scattered back to space

 scattered to earth (direct radiation becomes diffuse)


Solar radiation availability
11

 Direct radiation reaching the earth surface never


exceeds 83% of the original extraterrestrial energy
flux.
 This radiation that comes directly from the solar disk is
defined as beam radiation.
 The scattered and reflected radiation that is sent to the
earth surface from all directions (reflected from other
bodies, molecules, particles, droplets, etc.) is defined as
diffuse radiation.
 The sum of the beam and diffuse components is defined
as total (or global) radiation.
Solar radiation availability
12
Solar radiation measuring equipment
13

Need for Measuring Radiation parameters

Radiation parameters are  total solar radiation


needed for the  beam radiation
 design,  diffuse radiation
 sizing,  sunshine duration.
 performance evaluation,

 Research

of solar energy applications.


Types of solar radiation measuring
14
instruments:

The pyrheliometer
It is an instrument used It is used to measure
for measuring the direct total (beam and diffuse)
solar irradiance. radiation within its
hemispherical field of
view
Solar radiation measuring – Based on
15

 This equipment usually employs


the
 Thermoelectric effects

 Photovoltaic effects

“to measure the radiation”


Pyrheliometers
16

 Used to measure beam


of direct radiation.
 It collimate the
radiation to determine
the beam intensity as
a function of incident
angle.
 Also known as normal
incidence pyranometer
Pyrheliometers
17

 long collimator tube to collect beam


radiation
 field of view is limited to a solid
angle of 5.5° by appropriate
diaphragms inside the tube.
 Inner surface is blackened to absorb
any radiation.
 At the base of tube a wire wound
thermopile
 Tube sealed with dry air to eliminate
absorption of beam of radiation
within the tube by water vapor.
Pyrheliometers
18

 Sunlight enters the


instrument through
collimator tube
 and is directed onto
a thermopile (sensing
element) which
converts heat to an
electrical signal that
can be recorded.
Pyrheliometers
19

 The Angstrom Compensation


Pyrheliometer
 The Abbot Silver disc Pyrheliometer

 Eppley Pyrheliometer
The Angstrom Compensation
20
Pyrheliometer
Abbot Silver disc Pyrheliometer
21
Eppley Pyrheliometer
22
Pyranometer
23

 It measure the total


hemispherical solar radiation.
 Solar constant-The average
amount of solar radiation
received by the Earth's
atmosphere, per unit area,
when the Earth is at its mean
distance from the Sun.
 The value of the solar
constant is found
experimentally to be 1368
W/m2.
Pyranometer
24
Pyranometer
25
Pyranometer
26

 Eppley Pyranometer
 Yellot Solarimeter (pv solar cell)
Solar radiation on Tilted surfaces
27

 The solar power incident on a given surface


depends not only on the power contained in the
sunlight, but also on the angle between the module
and the sun.
 When the absorbing surface and the sunlight are
perpendicular to each other, the power density on
the surface is equal to that of the sunlight
 The angle between the sun and a fixed surface is
continually changing, the solar power also varies.
Solar radiation on Tilted surfaces
28

Ratio of the radiation falling on the tilted surface to that falling on a horizontal surface is
called as tilt factor
Solar thermal collectors
29
Solar thermal collectors
30

 Converting solar energy into heat requires the


utilization of solar thermal collectors.
domestic water heating
 heating of swimming
pools
space heating,
water processes for
industrial heating
agricultural drying
Solar thermal collectors - Classification
31
Solar thermal collectors - Classification
32

Flat plate collectors


Concentrating type collectors
Flat Plate Collector
33

 CASING
 ABSORBER PLATE
 TUBES OR CHANNELS
 INSULATIONS
 TRANSPARENT COVER
OR GLAZING SHEET
Flat Plate Collectors
34

 Both beam &diffused radiation


 No optical concentration method
 No need of solar tracking
 Applicable for heating Less than 100˚C
Heat balance in Solar collectors
35
COLLECTOR PERFORMANCE
36

The thermal performance of a collector can be


calculated from a first-law energy balance. according to
the first law of thermodynamics, for a simple flat-plate
collector an instantaneous steady-state energy balance
is
Useful energy gain (Qu) =
“energy absorbed by the collector - heat loss to
surroundings”
COLLECTOR PERFORMANCE
37

Qu = Ac[HR (𝜏.α)e –UL (tp-ta)]


Qu = Useful energy gain
Ac = Collector area
HR = Solar energy received on the upper surface of
collector
UL = Overall heat loss transfer coefficient
(𝜏.α)e = Transmissivity - absortivity product
COLLECTOR PERFORMANCE
38

Qu = Ac[HR (𝜏.α)e –UL (tp-ta)]


Qu = Useful energy gain
Ac = Collector area
HR = Solar energy received on the upper surface of
collector
UL = Overall heat loss transfer coefficient
(𝜏.α)e = Transmissivity - absortivity product
Energy balance equation
39

Ac[HR (𝜏.α)e ] = Qu + Q l + Qs

Collector efficiency = Useful Heat gain


Incident Solar energy
Absorber plate
40

 Absorber plates are usually made of metal—


typically copper or aluminum—because the metal is
a good heat conductor.
Absorber plate
41

The key considerations in flat plate collector design


are
 maximizing absorption,

 minimizing reflection and radiation losses,

 effective heat transfer from the collector plate to


the fluids.
Absorber plate- types
42

Types of
Absorber
Plates

Pipe and Fin Rectangular or Roll bond type


type cylindrical full or semi-
sandwich type sandwich type
Absorber plate- types
43
Absorber plate- types
44
Selective surfaces
45

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