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Helicopter 1

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237 views

Helicopter 1

Uploaded by

chelsy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Helicopter

An aircraft that derives its lift form


blades that rotate about an
approximately vertical central axis.

1480 : Leonardo Da Vinci 's Helical Air


Screw
His theory for "compressing" the air and
obtain lift was substantially similar to
that for today s helicopters.
"...I have discovered that a screw-shaped
device such as this,
if it is wellmade from starched linen,
will rise in the air if turned quickly..."
Leonardo Da Vinci - Codice Atlantico
Introduction to helicopter
 Helicopters come in many sizes and shapes, but most share the
same major components.

COMPONENTS
 CABIN where the payload and crew are carried

 AN AIRFRAME, which houses the various components, or where


components are attached.

 POWERPLANT OR ENGINE; and a transmission, which, among


other things, takes the power from the engine and transmits it to the
main rotor, which provides the aerodynamic forces that make the
helicopter fly.

 ANTI-TORQUE SYSTEM to keep the helicopter from turning due to


torque.

 LANDING GEAR, which could be skids, wheels, skis, or floats.


THE MAIN ROTOR SYSTEM
 The rotor system found on helicopters can consist
of a single main rotor or dual rotors. With most dual
rotors, the rotors turn in opposite directions so the
torque from one rotor is opposed by the torque of
the other. This cancels the turning tendencies.
Three types of main rotor system
FULLY ARTICULATED ROTOR SYSTEM
SEMIRIGID ROTOR SYSTEM
RIGID ROTOR SYSTEM
FLAPPING - The vertical movement of a
blade about a flapping hinge.

FEATHERING - The action that changes the


pitch angle of the rotor blades by rotating
them around their feathering (spanwise)
axis.

LEAD AND LAG - The fore (lead) and aft


(lag) movement of the rotor blade in the
plane of rotation. It is sometimes called
hunting or dragging.
FULLY ARTICULATED ROTOR
SYSTEM
 A fully articulated rotor system usually consists of three or
more rotor blades.

 The blades are allowed to flap, feather, and lead or lag


independently of each other. Each rotor blade is attached
to the rotor hub by a horizontal hinge, called the flapping
hinge, which permits the blades to flap up and down.

 Each blade can move up and down independently of the


others.
SEMIRIGID ROTOR SYSTEM
 A semirigid rotor system allows for two different
movements, flapping and feathering.

 This system is normally comprised of two blades, which


are rigidly attached to the rotor hub. The hub is then
attached to the rotor mast by a trunnion bearing or
teetering hinge.

 This allows the blades to see-saw or flap together. As


one blade flaps down, the other flaps up. Feathering is
accomplished by the feathering hinge, which changes
the pitch angle of the blade.
RIGID ROTOR SYSTEM
The rigid rotor system is mechanically simple,
but structurally complex because operating
loads must be absorbed in bending rather than
through hinges. In this system, the blades
cannot flap or lead and lag, but they can be
feathered.
ANTITORQUE SYSTEMS

 The antitorque rotor


produces thrust to oppose
torque and helps prevent
the helicopter from turning
in the opposite direction of
the main rotor.

 Three typical types of anti-


torque systems are the tail
rotor, Fenestron and NOTAR
TAIL ROTOR
 A rotor turning in a plane perpendicular to that of the
main rotor and parallel to the longitudinal axis of the
fuselage.

 It is used to control the torque of the main rotor and to


provide movement about the yaw axis of the helicopter.

 Typically, the engine drives the main rotor through a


transmission and belt drive or centrifugal clutch system.
The anti-torque rotor is driven from the transmission.
FENESTRON
 Form of anti-torque rotor is the fenestron or “fan-in-
tail” design. This system uses a series of rotating
blades shrouded within a vertical tail.
 Because the blades are located within a circular
duct, they are less likely to come into contact with
people or objects.
NOTAR®
 The NOTAR® system is an alternative to the anti-torque
rotor. The system uses low-pressure air that is forced into the
tail boom by a fan mounted within the helicopter.

 The air is then fed through horizontal slots, located on the


right side of the tail boom, and to a controllable rotating
nozzle to provide anti-torque and directional control.

 The low-pressure air coming from the horizontal slots, in


conjunction with the downwash from the main rotor, creates
a phenomenon called “Coanda Effect,” which produces a
lifting force on the right side of the tailboom.
 While in a hover, Coanda Effect supplies
approximately two-thirds of the lift necessary
to maintain directional control. The rest is
created by directing the thrust from the
controllable rotating nozzle.
LANDING GEAR
The most common landing gear is a skid type
gear, which is suitable for landing on various
types of surfaces. Some types of skid gear are
equipped with dampers so touchdown shocks
or jolts are not transmitted to the main rotor
system. Other types absorb the shocks by the
bending of the skid attachment arms.
POWERPLANT
A typical small helicopter has a reciprocating
engine, which is mounted on the airframe. The
engine can be mounted horizontally or vertically
with the transmission supplying the power to
the vertical main rotor shaft.
FLIGHT CONTROLS
 They are the cyclic pitch control; the collective pitch
control; the throttle, which is usually a twist grip control
located on the end of the collective lever; and the anti-
torque pedals. The collective and cyclic controls the pitch
of the main rotor blades.
Helicopter General Aerodynamics
 There are four forces acting on a helicopter in
flight. They are lift, weight, thrust, and drag.
AIRFOIL
 An airfoil is any surface, such as an airplane
wing or a helicopter rotor blade, which
provides aerodynamic force when it interacts
with a moving stream of air.
 The trailing edge is the aft portion where the airflow
over the upper surface joins the airflow under the
lower surface. The chord line is an imaginary straight
line drawn from the leading to the trailing edge. The
camber is the curvature of the airfoil’s upper and
lower surfaces.
RELATIVE WIND
Relative wind is created by the motion of an
airfoil through the air, by the motion of air
past an airfoil, or by a combination of the
two.

BLADE PITCH ANGLE


The pitch angle of a rotor blade is the angle
between its chord line and the reference
plane containing the rotor hub. You control
the pitch angle of the blades with the flight
controls.
ANGLE OF ATTACK
 When the angle of attack is increased, air flowing
over the airfoil is diverted over a greater distance,
resulting in an increase of air velocity and more lift.
As angle of attack is increased further, it becomes
more difficult for air to flow smoothly across the top
of the airfoil.
THE THREE AXES

VERTICAL AXIS
LONGITUDINAL AXIS
LATERAL AXIS
CONING
 Rotor blade coning occurs as the rotor blades begin to lift the
weight of the helicopter. In a semi-rigid and rigid rotor system,
coning results in blade bending. In an articulated rotor system,
the blades assume an upward angle through movement about
the flapping hinges.
GYROSCOPIC PRECESSION
Gyroscopic Precession is the resultant action or
deflection of a spinning object when a force is applied to
this object. This action occurs approximately 90 in the
direction of rotation from the point where the force is
applied

DISSYMMETRY OF LIFT
Difference in lift that exists between the advancing
blade half of the disc area and the retreating blade
half.

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