The parts of a computer

Central processing unit (CPU) Visual display unit/VDU/Monitor

Disk drive
Hard disk
(Backing store)

Speakers

Microphone

Keyboard Mouse
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 Hardware & Software
Hardware Software
Physical Component of a Logical Component of a
Computer Computer
We can touch these parts We can not touch
Allow user to enter data These are in form of
and information into instructions that tell the
computer and retrieve computer that what to do
Can not perform any task It can not executed without
without Software hardware.
If problem occur in If any problem in software
hardware then it will then it will reinstall.
repaired.

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 Hardware
The motherboard is the main electronic
component of the computer
 Circuit board
The microprocessor is one of the most
important pieces of processing hardware
on the motherboard

Cards are removable circuit boards

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 Computer components
Logical units of a computer
 Input unit
 Output unit
 Memory unit
 Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
 Central processing unit (CPU)
 Secondary storage unit

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The Central Processing Unit

Output Arithmetic
devices Control unit
& logic unit

Central Processing Unit

Input
devices Immediate access store

Data signals
Backing
store
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 Working
CPU
Unit
Output Unit
Input Unit
ALU & Logical
Unit

Control Unit

Ram / Rom

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 Input & Output
The data or instructions you type into the
computer are called input
The result of the computer processing
your input is referred to as output
Peripheral devices accomplish input and
output functions

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 Input Device
You use an input device, such as a keyboard or a
mouse, to input data and issue commands
 Keyboard
Ergonomic
 Pointing device
Controls the pointer
Mouse
 Scroll wheel
Trackball
Touch pad
Pointing stick
 Scanner

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 Output Devices
Output devices show you the results of
processing data
 Monitor
Flat panel
LCD
CRT
 Printer
Laser
Inkjet
Dot matrix

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 Memory Units
Random Access Memory ( RAM )
Read Only Memory ( ROM )

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 Backing Storage
Which consists of the disk drivers
used to store data when the power
is switched off.
Magnetic media
 Hard disk
 Tape
 Floppy disk
Optical storage device
 CD
 DVD
 CD-R
 CD-RW
 CD-ROM

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 Brain of Computer
Central Processing Unit

CPU

Control Unit Arithmetic Unit Logical unit

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 Control Unit
Responsible for coordinating the input and
output Devices.

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 Arithmetic
In which all the calculations are Involve.
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplications
Divisions
Modulus

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 Logical unit
It contains the logical decisions
And operations
Or Operations
Not operations

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 Why use Computer?

Advantages
Computers are extremely fast
Computers are very accurate
Computers can keep large amount of
information in a small space
Computers can work continuously for 24 hours a
day.
Computers can do some jobs that would be
impossible without them.
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 Drawbacks
Computers can replace people
Computers holds personal information
which may be misused.
Problems arise when computers cannot be
used.
Staff need to be trained

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 Signal
That pass between the main processor
and the other hardware.
Control Signal :
include signals sent out by the main
processor and the other hardware.
Data Signals:
These are the groups of binary
digits that are used to represent
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 Types of computers by Size
Micro computers
Mainframe Computers
Super Computers
Mini Computers
Embedded Computers

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 Micro Computers

Are the computers that you are most likely to

encounter at home or in school and colleges.
It consist of one or more input device ,output
device, memory and processor.
Examples
PCs
Apples
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 Types of Micro Computers

Desktop Computers
Laptop and notebook
Computers
Personal Digital Assistants
(PDA)
Palmtop Computers

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 Mainframe computers

Thousands of terminals attached to it.

Larger mainframe computers carry out 250
million instructions per second.
It Consist of multiple processors.
Used large organizations such as banks,
insurance companies, airlines and
government department.
Disadvantage:
Due to immense power they produce large
amount of heat so its require air conditioned.
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 Examples
IBM43810
NEC610
DEC 10 etc

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 Supercomputers
Largest category of computer, costing
millions of pounds.
It is complex ,large storage and advanced
computers.
They are mostly used by scientific and
industrial research departments.

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 Uses
NASA
Weather centre
Stock Exchange
Weapon design
Mapping the surface of planets.
Studying the neural network of brain
Preparing models of chemical systems.

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 Examples
CRAY-XP
ETA-10
Blue sky
ASCI White

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 Mini computers
Have a size , power and cost somewhere
between those of microcomputers and
mainframes.
It is much powerful then some of the
mainframes still in use.
It is used by business institutes and
departments.

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 Examples
Vax-8800
MV-1500

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 Embedded Computers or
Microprocessors
Is a single chip that perform the functions of a
central processing unit
Many microprocessors makes are
Microcontrollers also called embedded.
Embedded computers serve as the brain of a
larger piece of machine.
Their software is stored in the computer’s own.
They serve as a personal computer but not
have a monitor, keyboard and mouse

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 Uses
Microwaves programmable ovens
Blood pressure monitors
Air bag sensors
Washing machines
Video recorders
Alarms
Digital cameras
MP3 players
Car engine Controllers

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Types of Computer by shape

Types

Analog Digital Hybrid

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 Analog computers
It provides continuous value
It represents physical quantities in the
form of waves
It has no state
It has low memory
It is difficult to use
It is used in engineering and science

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 Examples
Thermometer
Analog Clocks
Speed of the car
Petrol Stations

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 Digital computers
It provides us discrete values
It represent physical values with help of
symbols or numbers
It has two states ON and OFF
It has big memory
These are easy to use
It is used in all field of life

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 Examples
Digital clocks
Calculators
Laptop computers
Score board

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 Hybrid Computers
These are combination of analog and
digital computers
Some part of processing is done in digital
and some part is done in analog.
The measurement may then be converted
into numbers and display in digital form.

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 Examples
Patient Heart function
Temperature
Blood pressure

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