Introduction to masonry

structures
CHAPTER 7
 Masonry
MASONRY means an arrangement of masonry units which may be brick, rectangularised stone,
ashlar or cement blocks laid to a bond and joined together with mortar.
I. the basic component of masonry are block, brick and mortar
II. Mortar is a composite of cement, lime and sand and sometimes of other constituents
MASONRY UNIT means an individual unit which is bonded to similar units with the help of
mortar to form a masonry element such as a wall, column, pier, buttress, etc., and conforming to
the Nepal Standard Brick Masonry NS: 1/2035.
 Composition of masonry units
I. Choice of masonry units are generally made from the consideration of local availability,
compressive strength, age and ease of construction.
 Advantages of Disadvantages of
masonry structures masonry structures
Most types of masonry typically will not Extreme weather causes degradation of
require painting and so can provide a structure masonry wall surfaces due to frost damage
with reduced life cycle costs.
Masonry tends to be heavy and must be built
Masonry structures are heat resistance and upon a strong foundation
thus provide good fire protection
Requires more skilled labour than steel
Masonry structures built in compression framing .
preferably with lime mortar can have a useful
life of more than 500 years as compared to 30
to 100 for structures of steel or reinforced
concrete.
Some definitions
Stretcher : this is a brick laid with its length parallel to the face or front or direction of wall. The
course containing stretcher is called a stretcher course
Header : this is a brick laid with its breath or width parallel to the face or front direction. The
course containing headers is called head course
Bed : The lower surface of brick when laid flat is known as the bed.
 MORTAR
•Mortars are usually named according to the
binding material used in their preparation.
•They are essentially required for masonry work,
plastering and pointing etc.

FUNCTIONS OF MORTAR:

•To bind together the bricks or stones properly so as

to provide strength to the structure.
•To form a homogenous mass of the structure so as
to resist all the loads coming over it without
disintegration.
•To provide a weather resisting i.e., a durable
layer between the different courses of masonry
in the structure.
•To hold coarse aggregate together in any
concrete so as to form a solid mass. The mortar
used in a concrete is termed as matrix.
•To do pointing and plastering to the structure.
The mortar used for plastering is known as
plaster.
•To fill up empty joints in brick and stone
masonry. The mortar used for such purposes is a
thin liquid mortar which is termed as grout and
the process is known as grouting.
Cement mortar
Cement mortar:
•The paste is prepared by mixing cement and sand in suitable proportions in addition to water.
•The general proportion is 1 part of cement to 2-8 parts clean sand.
•These mortars must be use within half an hour, i.e.; before initial setting time of the cement.
•This type is used for all engineering works where high strength is desired such as load bearing
walls, deep foundations, flooring etc.
 Types of Masonry walls
Based on load bearing
•Load bearing masonry walls.
•Non-load bearing masonry walls.

Based on construction
•Reinforced masonry walls
•Unreinforced masonry walls
 Load bearing masonry walls

A load-bearing wall (or bearing wall) is

a wall that bears a load resting upon it
by conducting its weight to
a foundation structure.
The materials most often used to
construct load-bearing walls in large
buildings are concrete, block, or brick.
 Application Of Load Bearing Wall
Depending on the type of building and the number of stories, load-bearing walls are gauged to
the appropriate thickness to carry the weight above them. Without doing so, it is possible that
an outer wall could become unstable if the load exceeds the strength of the material used,
potentially leading to the collapse of the structure.

HOUSING
TALL BUILDINGS
 Non-Load Bearing Wall

Walls that are only intended to support

themselves and the weight of the
cladding or sheathings attached.
Non load bearing walls provide no
structural support and may be interior
or exterior walls.
Reinforced Masonry Walls
Reinforced masonry
Reinforced masonry is a construction system where steel reinforcement in the form of
reinforcing bars or mesh is embedded in the mortar or placed in the holes and filled with
concrete.
Reinforcement increases the tensile and compressive strength of wall
After reinforcement the resistance to seismic loads and energy dissipation capacity may be
improved significantly.
Reinforcement should be integrated with masonry so that all materials of reinforced masonry
system acts monolithically when resisting gravity and seismic loading.
There are various ways in which in which
steel reinforcement can be done
Reinforced hollow unit masonry
Reinforced grouted cavity masonry
Reinforced pocket type walls
Reinforced hollow unit masonry
The units are special shaped with vertical holes where vertical reinforcement is placed and
filled with infill concrete or grout.
Before laying the masonry units , the vertical reinforcement is placed in position . Then the first
course of units is laid in the mortar and horizontal bars or bed joint reinforcement are placed in
the grooves or in the mortar joints.
The hole containing vertical bars are filled with either concrete or grout and the grooves
containing the horizontal steels are filled with either grout or mortar as the construction of the
wall progress.
 A SINGLE LAYER OF MASONRY WALL IS CALLED A ‘WYTHE’

Cell Reinforcing – vertical steel

Bars installed @ 2’-0” oc, then
Cells filled with concrete.
Reinforced grouted cavity masonry
This differs by technology of construction
It consists of two leaves (wythes) of masonry units, separated by a cavity into which the vertical
and horizontal reinforcement is placed and grouted with either concrete infill or grout
The grout can be pressured either as the work progresses or after the masonry units in the
whole storey have been laid.
In the first case, vertical reinforcing bars are placed first into position, then the horizontal bars
and wall ties are placed and grouted as laying of courses of masonry progresses.
In the second case , the mesh of vertical and horizontal is placed first in position . Then ,
masonry units are laid on each side of the mesh , connected together with wall ties. After the
masonry is build to full storey height, the cavity is filled with grout.
The two leaves of cavity wall are tied together with either wall ties or connectors which should
be designed to carry lateral loads , induced by earthquake.
Reinforced pocket type walls
Sometimes vertical reinforcement is placed in the pockets formed in the wall by special bonding
arrangement as in the case of reinforced hollow unit masonry walls.
Vertical reinforcing bars are placed into position before laying of masonry units
Depending on the units used horizontal bed joint reinforcement is placed in the mortar joints at
vertical spacing not exceeding 600 mm.
The pockets containing vertical bars are filled with either concrete or grout as the construction
of the wall progresses
Unreinforced masonry
An unreinforced masonry is a construction system where load bearing walls , non load bearing
walls or other structures such as dam retaining walls fall.
These are made of brick, tiles or other masonry unit that is not braced by reinforced bars or
beams .
Such structures are vulnerable to collapse in earthquake.
Mortar is not stronger enough.
CAVITY WALLS
 DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF BONDING

The following are the principal forms of bonding :

English
Double Flemish
Single Flemish
Heading
Stretching
Rat trap bond
Garden Wall
 RULES FOR GOOD BRICK BONDING

Uniform in size.
Bricks arranged uniformly throughout the wall.
Bats are used as little as possible.
The bricks in the interiors of wall laid as headers, that is,
across the wall.
The lap not more than 2 and one-fourth inches.
The vertical joints in every other course should be vertically
over one another.
 ENGLISH BOND

 The facing bricks are laid in alternate courses of headers and

stretchers.
Queen-closer inserted next to quoin-headers to produce
overlap.
 English bond is the strongest.
a. Avoids continuous vertical joints.

DISADVANTAGE:
 Penetration of damp through transverse joints.
 Appearance not as good as Flemish bond.
 FLEMISH BOND

1. Double Flemish bond

2. Single Flemish bond

Double Flemish is shown in the

figure.
 The headers and stretchers
alternate in each course.
 The lap is produced by placing a
queen-closer next to the quoin-
header in every course.
Flemish bond is weaker than
English bond. Fig.3
 Single Flemish Bond: is a species of bond in which
Placement of double Flemish bond on the face of the walls.
The rest of the wall is built in English bond.
Used for walls requiring a good appearance and strength.
Not employed for wall less than 1 and a half bricks thick.

ADVANTAGES OF FLEMISH BOND:

 It is highly economical.
Walls one brick in thickness are easier to produce a fair face on both
sides in Flemish than in English bond.
The appearance of Flemish bond is more appealing to eye than that of
English bond.
 HEADING OR HEADER BOND
 Heading or Header Bond is laid on headers.
 Used for round quick sweeps, as in Fig. 4.
Should never be used in straight work, as it is very weak
Fig.4
 STRETCHING OR STRETCHER BOND
 Bricks are laid in stretchers, as in the figure below.
Used in walls of half-brick in thickness.
Due to its constant occurrence in the last position it is also called
Chimney Bond.
 RAT TRAP BOND
 It is made by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 4″ (100
mm)
 Alternate course of stretchers and headers.
 becoming use ful in these days
THE ADVANTAGES OF RAT TRAP BOND:

It is highly economical because:

Can make a wall of one brick thickness with fewer bricks than a solid
bond.
 Strength is equal to the standard brick wall, but consumes 20% less
bricks.
 Cost saving on material is more as compared to the traditional brick
wall.
 Maintains thermal comfort inside the building due to air medium.
 Bricks aligned on both sides, plastering not required.
 It is quite strong as building constructed about 40 years ago still does
not show any signs of distress.