Introduction to Human

Body
dr. Nurmila Sari, M.Kes
 Anatomy

(a-NAT-o ¯-me¯; ana- up; -tomy process of cutting)

is the science of body structures and the relationships among them.

It was first studied by dissection (dis-SEK-shun; dis-

apart; -section act of cutting), the careful cutting apart of body
structures to study their relationships.
 Physiology

physiology (fiz-e¯-OL-o ¯-je¯; physio-

nature; -logy study of) is the science of body functions—how
the body parts work.

you will learn about the human body by studying its anatomy and physiology together
 From the smallest to the largest, six levels of organization will
help you to understand anatomy and physiology

• This very basic level

• includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that
participate in chemical reactions,
• Certain atoms, such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H),
oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium
(Ca), and sulfur (S), are
essential for maintaining life.

1. Chemical • molecules, two or more atoms joined together.

• Two familiar molecules found in the body are
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic
level. material passed from one generation to the next,
and glucose, commonly known as blood sugar.
From the smallest to the largest, six levels of organization will
help you to understand anatomy and physiology

• Molecules combine to form cells,

• Cell is the basic
structural and functional units of
an organism.
• Cells are the smallest living units in
2. Cellular the human body.
• Among the many kinds of cells in

level. your body are muscle cells, nerve

cells, and epithelial cells.
From the smallest to the largest, six levels of organization will
help you to understand anatomy and physiology

• Tissues are groups of cells and the

materials
surrounding them that work
together to perform a particular
function.

3. Tissue • There are just four basic types of

tissue in
your body: epithelial tissue,

level. connective tissue, muscular tissue,

and nervous tissue.
From the smallest to the largest, six levels of organization will
help you to understand anatomy and physiology

• At this level different types of tissues are

joined together.
• Organs are structures that are composed of two or more
different types of tissues; they have
specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
• Examples of organs are the stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver,
lungs, and brain.
• The stomach’s outer covering is a serous membrane, a layer of

4. Organ epithelial tissue and connective tissue that reduces friction

when the stomach moves and rubs against other organs.
Underneath are the smooth muscle tissue layers, which
contract to churn and mix food and then push it into the next

level.
digestive organ, the small intestine. The innermost lining is an
epithelial tissue layer that produces fluid and chemicals
responsible for digestion in the stomach.
From the smallest to the largest, six levels of organization will
help you to understand anatomy and physiology

• A system is consists
of related organs with a common function.
• An example of the system level, also called the
organ-system level,
• is the digestive system, which breaks down and
absorbs food. Its organs include the mouth,
salivary glands, pharynx (throat), esophagus,

5. System stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver,

gallbladder, and pancreas.
• Sometimes an organ is part of more than one

level.
system. The pancreas, for example, is part of both
the digestive system and the hormone-producing
endocrine system.
From the smallest to the largest, six levels of organization will
help you to understand anatomy and physiology

• An organism, any living

individual.
• All the parts of
the human body functioning
6. together constitute the total
Organismal organism.

level.
Sytems of Human
Body
Sytems of
Human Body
Sytems of
Human Body
Sytems of
Human Body
Sytems of
Human Body
Sytems of
Human Body
Sytems of
Human Body
Sytems of
Human Body
Sytems of
Human Body
Sytems of Human Body
 Basic Life Processes
Certain processes distinguish organisms, or living things, from nonliving things. Following are the
six most important life processes of the human body:

Metabolisme

Responsiveness

Movement

Growth

Differentiation
 1. Metabolism (me-TAB-o ¯-lizm) is the sum of all the
chemical processes that occur in the body.
catabolism (ka-TAB-o¯-lizm; catabol- throwing down; -ism a anabolism (a-NAB-o¯-lizm; anabol- a raising up),
condition), the breakdown of complex chemical substances into
simpler components.
the building up of complex chemical substances
from smaller, simpler components.
•digestive processes catabolize (split) proteins in food into amino
acids. • amino acids are then used to anabolize (build) new proteins
that make up body structures such as muscles and bones.

Responsiveness is the body’s ability to detect and respond

to changes.

For example, a decrease in body temperature

Muscle cells respond by contracting, which
represents a change in the internal environment
generates force to move body parts
(within the body)
 Movement includes motion of the whole body, individual
organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells.

For example, the coordinated When a body tissue is damaged

your gallbladder contracts and
action of leg muscles moves or infected, certain white blood
squirts bile into the
your whole body from one place cells move from the blood into
gastrointestinal tract to aid in
to another when you walk or the affected tissue to help clean
the digestion of fats
run. up and repair the area

Growth is an increase in body size that results from an increase in

the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or
both.

for example, mineral deposits accumulate between bone cells, causing the bone to grow in length and
width
Differentiation (dif-er-en-she ¯-A ¯ -shun) is the development of a
cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

For example, red blood cells and several

a fertilized egg (ovum) develops into an
types of white blood cells all arise from
embryo, and then into a fetus, an
the same unspecialized precursor cells in
infant, a child, and finally an adult
red bone marrow = stem cell

Reproduction refers either to the formation of new cells for tissue

growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of a new
individual.

When the life processes cease to occur properly, the result is death of cells and
tissues, which may lead to death of the organism.
HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis (ho ¯me ¯-o ¯-STA
¯ -sis; homeo- sameness; -
stasis standing still)

is the condition of equilibrium

(balance) in the body’s internal
environment due to the
constant interaction of the
body’s many regulatory
processes

A feedback system includes

three basic components—a
receptor, a control center, and
an effector
A negative feedback
system reverses a change in
a controlled condition.

Consider the regulation of blood

pressure. Blood pressure (BP) is
the force exerted by blood as it
presses against the walls of blood
vessels.

When the heart beats faster or

harder, BP increases.

If some internal or
external stimulus causes blood
pressure (controlled condition) to
rise, the following sequence of
events occurs
positive feedback
system
tends to strengthen or
reinforce a change in
one of the body’s
controlled conditions
 Homeostatic imbalances
• A disorder is any abnormality of structure or function.
• Disease is a more specific term for an illness characterized by
a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
– symptoms, subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent
to an observe
– Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure are called
signs

• A local disease affects one part or a limited region of the

body;
• a systemic disease affects either the entire body or several
parts of it.
BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
 Body Position
• Descriptions of any region or part of the human
body assume that it is in a specific stance called
the anatomical position.

• If the body is lying face down, it is in the prone

position.

• If the body is lying face up, it is in the

supine position.
 Regional Names
• Head
• Neck
• Trunk = consists of the chest, abdomen, and
pelvis
• Upper limb
• Lower limb
Directional
Terms
 Planes and sections
Sagittal plane (SAJ-i-tal; • is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left
sagitt- arrow) sides

Midsagittal plane or a • when such a plane passes through the midline of the body or an
median plane organ and divides it into equal right and left sides

• If the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline but instead
Parasagittal plane divides the body or an organ into unequal
right and left sides

• divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
Frontal or coronal plane portions

Transverse plane or Cross- • divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior
sectional or horizontal plane (lower) portions

• passes through the body or an organ at an angle between a

Oblique plane transverse plane and a sagittal plane or between a transverse plane
and a frontal plane
Planes through
the human
body
 Planes and sections
through different parts
of the brain
Body cavities
are spaces within
the body that help
protect, separate,
and support
internal organs.

Bones, muscles,
ligaments, and
other structures
separate the
various body
cavities from one
another
 Body
Cavities
Thoracic cavity contains three smaller
cavities and the mediastinum
Thoracic
cavity
Thoracic cavity
 The
abdominopelvic
cavity
The dashed lower
line shows the
approximate
boundary between
the abdominal and
pelvic cavities
Regions and quadrants of the
abdominopelvic cavity
 Regions of the
abdominopelvic cavity
 Quadrants of the
abdominopelvic cavity
Medical Imaging
Medical Imaging
Membrane
Membrane
Muscular Tissue
Muscular Tissue
Muscular Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Alhamdulillah