CHAPTER 7

ELECTRICITY AND
MAGNETISM

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 Charging by Friction
 Electrostatics - study of static electrical charges.
 Two types of electrical charges:
 positive (+)
 negative (-).
 When two different materials are rubbed against one
another, the friction that acts between the materials
causes one of the materials to become positively
charged and the other to become negatively charged.
Charging by Friction
Charging by friction
 The electroscope
 Used for the detection of electrical charges.
 The steps in the use of an electroscope to
detect an electrical charge.
(a) Bring the object under test close to the
metal cap of a neutral electroscope.
(b) If the gold leaf is deflected the object is
charged. If the gold leaf is not deflected as
the object is neutral or not charged.

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The electroscope
Detecting on electrical charge

Charged object Neutral object

 Materials which have an equal number of
positive and negative charges are classified as
neutral or not charged.
 When two different materials rub against one
another, charging by friction occurs
 During the charging by friction, negative
electrical charges are transferred from one
material to another material.
 The material which gains negative charges
becomes negatively charged while the material
which loses its negative charges becomes
positively charged.
 If two charged objects are held close to each
other, there are force between them
 Like charge repel
 Unlike charges attract

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Static electrical charges
 Everyday Phenomena Related to
Static Electrical Charges
 Lightning
 To reduce electrical charges on tankers body, a
tanker has a metal chain attached to its back
 Electrical charges from the tanker flow into
the ground through the metal chain without
causing any spark
 When an aeroplane is being refuelled, the
aeroplane has a metal cable connected to the
ground.
Everyday Phenomena Related to
Static Electrical Charges
 Sources of Electrical Energy
 Electrical energy or electricity is a form of
energy.
 Sources of electrical energy:
 the solar cell
 dry cell,
 wet cell
 power generator,
 lithium ion battery
 cadmium battery.
Sources of Electrical Energy

Solar cell

Wet cell
 Electric Current
 A continuous flow of negative charges or electrons is
needed to produces electric current.
 When a Van de Graaff generator is switched on,
electrical charges will gather on the dome
 If the charged dome is connected to a galvanometer
and the Earth, electrical charges will then flow
through the galvanometer producing electric current
which causes the pointer of the galvanometer to
deflect
 The flow of electrical charges
produces electric current

Van de Graff
generator
Current
galvanometer flow
 An electric current (I), is defined as the rate of
flow of electrons.
 Voltage (V): the electrical force needed to
move electrons between two points or
potential difference between the two points.
 The resistance (R): the property of a material
that prevents or resists the flow of electrons
through the material

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The electric current
 ELECTRIC CURRENT, VOLTAGE
AND RESISTANCE
 The S.I. unit of electric current is ampere (A).
 Electric current is measured using an ammeter
 An electrical source or component, must be
connected in series to measure the electric
current that flows through the electrical source
or component
 The S.I. unit of voltage is volt (V). Measured
using a voltmeter
 To measure the voltage of an electrical
source or component, a voltmeter must be
connected in parallel across the electrical
source or component
 An electrical conductor has the characteristic
of resisting the flow of electric current. The
S.I. unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω).
Voltmeter Ammeter

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CURRENT,
VOLTAGE AND RESISTANCE
 The resistance of a material is the ability of the
material to resist the flow of electric current
through it.
 Standard resistor - type of electrical
component that has a fixed resistance
 Variable resistor or rheostat has a resistance
that can be changed
 used to control the brightness of a bulb, the
speed of a fan and the loudness of a radio.
Standard resistors Variable resistors
 Ohm's Law states that the current flowing
through a conductor is directly proportional to
its voltage.
 Ohm's law is given by the following formula:

Voltage (V) V=R

= Resistance (Q)
Current (A) I

 R is a constant known as the resistance of the

conductor.
 Voltage versus current graph
Voltage (V)
Gradient of graph:
= voltage
current
= resistance

Current (A)
Example:
1. What is the resistance of a resistor in an
electric circuit if the dry cell supplies 1.5 V
and the ammeter gives a reading of 0.5 A?
Step 1: R= V
I
Step 2: R= 1.5
0.5
Step 3: R= 3 Ω
 PARALLEL AND SERIES
CIRCUITS
 An electric circuit is the path along which electrical
charges flow.
 It consists of a source of electrical energy such as:
 dry cell, connecting wires and one or more electrical
components such as switches, resistors, ammeters,
voltmeters or bulbs.
 In a closed circuit, electric current flows out from the
source, round the circuit and back to the source.
 If there are any breaks in an electric circuit, it is known
as an open circuit.
 Symbols of some common
electrical components
Electrical Symbol Electrical Symbol
component component
1. Electric cell 6. Variable
resistor
2. Fuse 7. Rheostat
3. Swith 8. Voltmeter

4. Bulb 9. Galvanometer

5. Resistor 10. Ammeter

 Series and Parallel Circuits
 A series circuit: + -
 The electric current from
A
the battery flows through
bulb A, then bulb B
followed by bulb C and + -
then returns to the battery.
A
 The electric current flows
through one path only.

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 The Advantage and Disadvantage
of a Series Circuit
 The advantage :
 each bulb lights up with equal brightness- because
the amount of current that flows through each bulb
is the same.
 Disadvantage:
 If one or more bulbs burn out, the whole circuit is
disconnected.
 If the number of bulbs is increased, the brightness
of the bulbs decreases.
 Series and Parallel Circuits
 A Parallel Circuit:
 electric current from the battery
can flow through bulb A and + -
then return to the battery.
 Similarly, the electric current
A
from the battery can also flow
through bulb B or bulb C and B
then return to the battery. C
 The electric current flows
through three different paths.
 The Advantage and Disadvantage
of a Parallel Circuit
 The advantages:
 The bulbs can be controlled separately.
 If one bulb burns out, the other bulbs are not
affected.
 If the number of bulbs connected in parallel is
increased, the brightness of the bulbs is not
affected.
 The disadvantage:
 The current produced is the same as the current
produced by only one cell.
Differences between series and parallel
circuits
Physical quantity Series Parallel
I1 Itotal

Current (A) I total

I1 I2 I2

Itotal = I1 = 12 Itotal = I1 + 12

Vtotal Vtotal

V1

Voltage (V) V1 V2 V2
Vtotal = V1 + V2 Vtotal = V1 = V2

Rtotal Rtotal

R1

Resistance (Ω) R1 R2
R2

Rtotal = R1 + R2 1/Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2

 Test
1. An ammeter in a circuit gives a reading of 4
A. Both bulb have 1 Ω and 2 Ω resistance
respectively. What is the voltage value?
2. What ampere value will be recorded in the
ammeter for the circuit above?

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 Magnetic Field
 The region around a magnet
where its magnetic forces act.
 The magnetic field pattern of
a bar magnet is shown in
Figure a side.
 Magnetic field lines: lines
that represent the direction of
the magnetic field.
 Run from the north pole to
the south pole of a magnet.
 Pattern and Direction of
Magnetic Field
 Can be mapped using iron filings.
 The pattern of the magnetic field around a bar
magnet is shown by the arrangement of the
iron filings.
 The pattern and direction of a magnetic field
can be mapped using aplotting compass.
The patern and direction
of a magnetic field
 Right-hand grip rule
 To determine the direction
of the magnetic field around
a wire.
 When the thumb points
along the direction of the
current, the fingers wrapped
around the wire point to the
direction of the magnetic
field.

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 Electromagnet
 Produced when an electric current flows through
a conductor.
 An electromagnet loses all its magnetism when
no electric current flows through the conductor.
 Used in cranes to lift heavy iron and steel loads
such as cars.
 Used to sort out scrap iron or steel from non-
magnetic materials at scrap yards
 TEST
1. If a 2 Ω resistor is used, what will be the
reading recorded in the ammeter if the dry
cell supplies a voltage of 3 V?
R=V/I
I=V/R
I=3/2
=1.5 A
2. If 0.5 A of current flows through a 2 Ω
resistor, calculate the voltage in the electric
current
R=V/I
V=I x R\
= 0.5 X 2
= 1.0 V

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