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Inter Molecular Forces

This document discusses intermolecular forces and solubility. It explains that there are four main types of intermolecular forces - ionic, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, and London forces. The strength of these intermolecular forces and the speed of molecules determines whether mixtures will be soluble or not. Temperature also affects solubility, with more solute typically dissolving at higher temperatures for solids but lower temperatures for gases.

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Justin Buck
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50 views9 pages

Inter Molecular Forces

This document discusses intermolecular forces and solubility. It explains that there are four main types of intermolecular forces - ionic, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, and London forces. The strength of these intermolecular forces and the speed of molecules determines whether mixtures will be soluble or not. Temperature also affects solubility, with more solute typically dissolving at higher temperatures for solids but lower temperatures for gases.

Uploaded by

Justin Buck
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Intermolecular forces

and solubility
Why mixtures mix
• Consider a glass of wine. Why do
alcohol, water, & pigment mix together?
• There must be attractive forces.

Intramolecular forces Intermolecular forces


occur between atoms occur between molecules
• The factors that determine solubility are the
strength of IMFs and speed of molecules.
• 4 types of intermolecular forces: ionic, dipole-
dipole, hydrogen bonding, and London forces.
Electronegativity & IMFs
EN essentially defines the type of IMF.
• Ionic bonds form if the EN is 1.7 or greater.
• Dipole-dipole (polar covalent) is around 0.5-1.7.
• Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole.
• London forces exist in all molecules, but are
especially important in non-polar covalent
molecules (where EN is less than 0.5). – +
• Recall that ionic are strongest.
• Dipole-dipole are not as strong. + –
• Hydrogen bonds are about five + –
times stronger than regular  +
 –

dipole-dipole bonds. + –  +
 –
• London forces are weakest. 
Hydrogen bonding
• H-bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole
attraction that is very strong.
• It occurs when N, O, or F are bonded to H.
Q- Calculate the EN for HCl and H2O
HCl: EN = 3.0-2.1 = 0.9 H2O: = 3.5 – 2.1 = 1.4
• The high EN of NH, OH, and HF bonds
cause these to be strong forces.
• Also, because of the small size of hydrogen,
it’s positive charge can get very close to the
negative dipole of another molecule.
• It is so strongly positive that it will H O H O
sometimes exert a pull on a “lone H
pair” in a non-polar compound H
London forces
• Non-polar molecules do not have dipoles like
polar molecules. How, then, can non-polar
compounds form solids or liquids?
• London forces result from a type of tiny dipole.
• These forces exist between all molecules.
• They are masked by stronger forces (e.g.
dipole-dipole) so are sometimes insignificant,
but they are important in non-polar molecules.
• Because electrons are moving around in atoms
there will be instants when the charge around
an atom is not symmetrical.
• The resulting tiny dipoles result in attractions
between atoms and/or molecules.
London forces
Instantaneous dipole: Induced dipole:

Eventually electrons A dipole forms in one atom


are situated so that or molecule, inducing a
tiny dipoles form dipole in the other
Why oil and water don’t mix
+  +
+ +
 –
–

+

+ +  +
 –  –

+  +
+  +
 –
–
The non-polar substance is
pushed away. If it were
moving faster it might break

 
+ –  +

+
through the attractive forces. 

–

+
Solubility is a balance be- + – +
tween speed and attraction. 
Also, the more similar the strength of their dipoles
the more likely two compounds are to mix.
Temperature and Solubility
• Solubility is influenced by temperature.
• In warmer water, more solid will dissolve.
• This is because a high temperature means H 2O
molecules are moving faster (keeping more
solid molecules suspended).
• Conversely a gas will be less soluble
at a higher temperature.
• This is because when gas molecules
are moving faster they are able to
escape from the liquid surface.
• Think of cold soda vs. warm soda.
Warm soda goes flat faster.
Answers 2. Intramolecular
Across 3. Alloy
1. Muriatic acid 4. Air
5. London 6. Opaque
10. Intermolecular 7. All
16. Solvent 8. Electrolyte
17. Heterogeneous 9. Solute
18. Latin 11. NOF
20. Mixtures 12. Solution
21. Compounds
13. Homogeneous
23. Lone pair
24. Polar 14. Water
25. Solubility 15. Dissociation
26. Bronze 19. Nonpolar
22. Four For more lessons, visit
www.chalkbored.com

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