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Cardiovascular System1

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, and has the important function of providing oxygen to tissues throughout the body. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located in the chest that pumps blood through the blood vessels. The cardiovascular system also includes arteries, veins, capillaries, and the lymphatic system, all working together to circulate blood and oxygen to tissues and remove waste from cells.

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Justin Ahorro-Dionisio
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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56 views

Cardiovascular System1

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, and has the important function of providing oxygen to tissues throughout the body. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located in the chest that pumps blood through the blood vessels. The cardiovascular system also includes arteries, veins, capillaries, and the lymphatic system, all working together to circulate blood and oxygen to tissues and remove waste from cells.

Uploaded by

Justin Ahorro-Dionisio
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cardiovascular System

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
IMPORTANT FUNCTION:
- provide oxygen in every
tissue in the body which is
essential in performing its
function
CONSISTS of:
• HEART
• BLOOD VESSEL
• BLOOD
HEART
– Hollow, muscular
– 4-chambered
– Located in middle of thoracic cavity
between lungs in space called mediastinum
( The space between the lungs, which
includes the heart, pericardium, aorta and
vena cava)
– “Inverted cone”
The Cardiovascular System
HEART
Normal Anatomy: Microscopic
• Consists of Three layers- epicardium,
myocardium and endocardium
The Cardiovascular System
• The epicardium covers the outer surface of
the heart
• The myocardium is the middle muscular layer
of the heart
• The endocardium lines the chambers and the
valves
The Cardiovascular System
• The layer that covers the heart is the
PERICARDIUM
• There are two parts- parietal and visceral
pericardium
• The space between the two pericardial layers
is the pericardial space
PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
The Cardiovascular System
Normal Anatomy: Gross
• The heart is located in the LEFT side of the
mediastinum
The Cardiovascular System
The heart chambers are guarded by valves
• The Atrio-ventricular valves-

• The Semilunar valves-


BLOOD VESSELS

• Great vessels: large


veins and arteries
leading directly to
and away from heart
– SUPERIOR VENA CAVA AND
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
– PULMONARY ARTERY
– PULMONARY VEIN
– AORTA
CORONARY ARTERIES
The Blood supply of the
heart comes from the
Coronary arteries
1. Right coronary artery
2. Left coronary artery
Cardiophysiology
• Conduction system
• Cardiac (heart) sounds
• Heart rate and Blood pressure
• Cardiac cycle
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CARDIAC
MUSCLE

Inherent abilities of cardiac muscle cells:


– Automaticity
– Conductivity
– Excitability
– Refractoriness
The Cardiovascular System
The CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF THE HEART
Consists of the
• 1. SA node- the pacemaker
• 2. AV node- slowest conduction
• 3. Bundle of His – branches into the Right
and the Left bundle branch
• 4. Purkinje fibers- fastest conduction
The Cardiovascular System
Heart rate
• Normal range is 60-100 beats per minute
• Tachycardia is greater than 100 bpm
• Bradycardia is less than 60 bpm
• Sympathetic system INCREASES HR
• Parasympathetic system (Vagus) DECREASES
HR
The Heart: Physiology
• The amount of blood the heart pumps out in
each beat is called the STROKE VOLUME
• When this volume is multiplied by the
number of heart beat in a minute (heart
rate), it becomes the CARDIAC OUTPUT
• When the Cardiac Output is multiplied by the
Total Peripheral Resistance, it becomes the
BLOOD PRESSURE
The Cardiovascular System

Blood pressure is:


Cardiac output X peripheral resistance
Cardiac Output Regulation

• The heart pumps approximately 5 L of blood


every minute
• The heart rate increases with exercise;
therefore cardiac output increases
• The cardiac output will vary according to the
amount of venous return.
The Cardiovascular System

Blood pressure
• Control is neural (central and peripheral) and
hormonal
• Baroreceptors in the carotid and aorta
• Hormones- ADH, Adrenergic hormones,
Aldosterone and ANF
The Cardiovascular System
Blood pressure
• Hormones- ADH, Adrenergic hormones,
Aldosterone and ANF
– ADH increases water retention
– Aldosterone increases sodium retention and
water retention secondarily
– Epinephrine and NE increase HR and BP
– ANF= causes sodium excretion
LAUGH BREAK
• Bakla at Macho  nagkasabay sa CR...
• Bakla: Ang laki naman nyan  sayo...
• Macho: Wala na tong silbi kasi iniwan na ako
ng GF ko...  puputulin ko na
lang at ipapakain ko sa aso!
• Bakla: aw! aw!  aw!
The Heart: Physiology
• The PRELOAD is the degree of stretching
of the heart muscle when it is filled-up
with blood

• The AFTERLOAD is the resistance to


which the heart must pump to eject the
blood
Terminology
Chronotropic
Anatomy

& Physiology
Refers to a change in heart rate
 A positive chronotropic effect refers to an increase in
effect
heart rate
 A negative chronotropic effect refers to a decrease in
heart rate
 Refers to a change in the speed of conduction
Dromotropic through the AV junction
effect  A positive dromotropic effect results in an increase in
AV conduction velocity
 A negative dromotropic effect results in a decrease in
AV conduction velocity

Refers to a change in myocardial contractility
Inotropic effect  A postive inotropic effect results in an increase in
myocardial contractility
 A negative inotropic effect results in a decrease in
myocardial contractility
Factors regulating Stroke Volume

• 1. Degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle


before contraction (Starling’s Law);
determined by the volume of blood in the
ventricle at the end of diastole or diastolic
filling.
• 2. Contactility: ability of the myocardium to
contract; contractility is increased by
circulating catecholamines and medications
like digitalis
Factors regulating Stroke Volume
• 3. Preload : the filling of the ventricles at the
end of diastole. The more the ventricles fill,
the more the cardiac muscles are stretched,
and the greater the force of the contraction
during systole (Starling’s Law). If there is a
decrease in contractility and in cardiac output.
Factors regulating Stroke Volume
• 4. Afterload: the pressure in the aorta that the
ventricles must overcome to pump blood into
the systemic circulation.
• A decrease in the afterload causes a decrease
in the workload of the ventricles; this in turn
will assist to increase the stroke volume and
the cardiac output
Factors that increase myocardial
oxygen demands

• Increased heart rate


• Increased force of contractions
• Increased afterload
Cardiac compensatory mechanisms

• When the normal compensatory


mechanisms cannot maintain cardiac output
to meet body needs, the client is in a state of
cardiac decompensation.
The Cardiovascular System
• The lymphatic system also is part of the
vascular system and the function of this
system is to collect the extravasated fluid
from the tissues and returns it to the blood
Differences Between Blood Vessel
Types
 Walls of arteries are the thickest
 Lumens of veins are larger
 Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins
toward the heart
 Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer
thick to allow for exchanges between blood
and tissue
Slide 11.26
Movement of Blood Through Vessels

 Most arterial blood is


pumped by the heart
 Veins use the milking
action of muscles to
help move blood

Figure 11.9

Slide 11.27
Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation

Figure 11.11

Slide 11.30
Blood Supply to:
• Bone – Haversian canal and Volkmann’s canal
• Blood Vessel – vasa vasorum
• Heart – coronary arteries
• Brain – common carotid artery – external and internal
carotid artery,
anterior, middle and posterior cerebral artery (Circle of
Willis)
• Upper Extremities – basillic – cephalic – brachial – radial
and ulnar
• Lower Extremities –iliac – femoral popliteal –
saphenous – tibial
Blood Supply to:
• Eyes – choroids (between sclera and retina) cornea gets
02 from the atmosphere
• Kidneys – renal artery – interlobar artery – arcuate
artery – interlobular artery – afferent arteriole –
glomerulus – efferent arteriole - vasa recta – back to
the heart
• Liver – celiac artery – hepatic artery and hepatic portal
vein (food laden) - liver sinusoids (mixed blood) –
hepatic cells extract 02, nutrients and detoxify toxic
substances.
• Organs of the GIT – celiac trunk
• Lungs – bronchial arteries
Major Veins of Systemic Circulation

Figure 11.12
Slide 11.31
Arterial Supply of the Brain

Figure 11.13

Slide 11.32
Hepatic Portal Circulation

Figure 11.14

Slide 11.33
Circulation to the Fetus

Slide 11.34
Blood Pressure

• Measure of force exerted by blood against the


wall
• Blood moves through vessels because of
blood pressure
• Measured by listening for Korotkoff sounds
produced by turbulent flow in arteries as
pressure released from blood pressure cuff
Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors

 Temperature
 Heat has a vasodilation effect
 Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
 Chemicals
 Various substances can cause increases or
decreases
 Diet
Slide 11.39b
Factors Determining Blood Pressure

Figure 11.19
Slide 11.40
Pulse

 Pulse – pressure
wave of blood
 Monitored at
“pressure
points” where
pulse is easily
palpated

Figure 11.16
Slide 11.35
Pulse Pressure
• Difference between
systolic and diastolic
pressures
• Increases when stroke
volume increases or
vascular compliance
decreases
• Pulse pressure can be
used to take a pulse to
determine heart rate
and rhythmicity
Variations in Blood Pressure
 Human normal range is variable
 Normal
 140–110 mm Hg systolic
 80–75 mm Hg diastolic
 Hypotension
 Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
 Often associated with illness
 Hypertension
 High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
 Can be dangerous if it is chronic
Slide 11.41

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