50% found this document useful (6 votes)
11K views37 pages

Module 9. Global Demography

This document discusses global demography and population trends. It covers theories of population growth and decline, including Malthusian, Marxist, and demographic transition theories. The document also examines the relationship between population and economic welfare, the differing views of rural and urban families on childbearing, and debates around reproductive rights, women's control over fertility, and food security concerns relating to population growth.

Uploaded by

Viktoria Dizon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
50% found this document useful (6 votes)
11K views37 pages

Module 9. Global Demography

This document discusses global demography and population trends. It covers theories of population growth and decline, including Malthusian, Marxist, and demographic transition theories. The document also examines the relationship between population and economic welfare, the differing views of rural and urban families on childbearing, and debates around reproductive rights, women's control over fertility, and food security concerns relating to population growth.

Uploaded by

Viktoria Dizon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

Contemporary World

Adrian Z. de Lumen
Instructor, GE3
Global Demography
Adrian Z. de Lumen
Instructor, GE3
Objectives:
• Discuss the relationship between population
and economic welfare.
• Identify the effects of aging and
overpopulation.
• Differentiate between contrasting positions
over reproductive health.
Movement and Sustainability
• How do people interact with their
surroundings?
– The interactions are increasingly being
molded by the globalization processes.
– Marginal cost and benefit
Global Demography
• Why do you think couples have children?
– It is a symbol of successful union.
– It will also ensure that the family will have a
successor generation that will continue its
name.
Global Demography
• Demography – the study of statistics such as
births, deaths, income, the incidence of
disease, which illustrate the changing
structure of human population.
Global Demography
Rural vs. Urban
• Rural communities often welcome an extra
hand.
• Urbanized, educated, and professional families
with two incomes, however desire just one or
two progenies.
Global Demography
Rural vs. Urban
• Urban families have their sights on long-term
savings plan.
– Retirement, health care, and education
• Rural Families view multiple children and
large kinship networks as critical investments.
Global Demography
• The differing versions of family life determine
the economic and social policies that countries
craft regarding their respective populations.
• Urban population have grown, but not
because of families having more children.
Global Demography
• Migration is a way to move from one place to another
in order to live and work. Movement of people from
their home to another city, state or country.
• This movement of people is especially manifest in the
developing countries where industries and business in
the cities are attracting people from the rural areas.
Global Demography
• International migration – People coming from
developing countries are moving to the first
world countries.
• Countries welcome immigrants as they offset
the debilitating effect of an aging population,
but they are also perceived as threats to job
markets.
The “Perils” of overpopulation
• Development planners see urbanization and
industrialization as indicators of a developing
society, but disagree on the role of population
growth or decline in modernization.
– Malthusian theory.
The “Perils” of overpopulation
• If not controlled could lead to widespread
poverty.
The “Perils” of overpopulation
• Advocates of population control promotes
reproductive health.
– Access to condoms, pills, abortion, and
vasectomy
– Giving women the right to choose whether
to have children or not.
It’s the economy not the babies
• Betsy Hartmann disagree with the advocates
of neo-Malthusian theory and accused
governments of using population control as a
substitute for social justice, and much-needed
reforms-such land distribution, employment
creation, provision of mass education and
health care and emancipation.
It’s the economy not the babies
• Others pointed out that population growth
aided economic development by spurring
technological and institutional innovation.
• Dynamic age structure will have economic
consequences.(workers per dependent)
Theories on Population Growth and Decline

Theories on Population Growth and Decline


1. Malthusian Theory
– Thomas Malthus theories appeared in 1798 in “An Essay on
the Principle of Population”, theorized that population was
uncontrollable and would reach a level at which the planet
could not sustain the high population numbers.
– He argued that human populations are in a conflict between
the “need for food” and the “passion between the sexes”
– Population increases geometrically while food supplies
increase only arithmetically
Theories on Population Growth and Decline

Population grows geometrically, for example, 1-2-4-8-16-32-64.


Food supply grows arithmetically, for example, 1-2-3-4-5-6.
Therefore, population will inevitably exceed food supply.
Theories on Population Growth and Decline

2. Marxian Theory
• Karl Marx believed that the problem was not
primarily one of population but one of the
ownership of the means of production and the
inequitable distribution of a society’s wealth.
• He contended that the solution to population
problems lay in the establishment of a new
social order- the socialist order.
Theories on Population Growth and Decline

3. The Demographic Transition Theory


• This refers to the three characteristic stages of
the population dynamics for societies
undergoing industrialization.
• 1st stage - pre-industrial societies where
both the birth rate and the death rate are
high and relatively stable
Theories on Population Growth and Decline

• 2nd stage – transitional; the birth rate remains high


but the death rate declines as nutrition, health, and
sanitation improve. This stage has the potential for
explosive population growth.
• 3rd stage – both the birth rate and the death rate are
low and in balance again. People now bear fewer
children because of the dramatic increase in the
chances for infant survival.
It’s the economy not the babies
• Advances in agricultural production have
shown that Malthusian nightmare can be
prevented.
• The green revolution created high-yielding
varieties of rice and other cereals.
It’s the economy not the babies
• Scholars and policymakers agree with the neo-
Malthusians but suggests that if government
pursue population control program, they must
include more inclusive growth and greener
economic growth.
Women and Reproductive Right
• Women – The subject of population measures.
• “Women must have control over whether they
will have children or not”-Reproductive rights
supporters
Women and Reproductive Right
• First world nations and fast-developing
countries were able to sustain growth in
relation to fertility, family and fortune.
– In North America and Europe, 73% of
governments allow abortion upon mother’s
request.
Women and Reproductive Right
• Most countries implement reproductive
health laws because they worry about the
health of the mother.
• Legalization of abortion to avoid unwanted
deaths of mother.
Women and Reproductive Right
• The religious wing of the anti-reproductive
rights flank goes further and describes
abortion as a debauchery that sullies the
name of God.
The feminist perspective
• They are foremost, against any form of
population control.
• They believe that government assumptions that
poverty and environmental degradation are
caused by overpopulation are wrong.
– Unequal distribution of wealth, lack of public
safety nets (universal health care, education
and gender equality)
The feminist perspective
• 1994 UN International Conference on Population
and Development agreed that women should
receive family planning counseling on abortion,
the dangers of STD, the nature of human
sexuality, and elements of responsible
parenthood.
Population growth and Food Security
• The decline in fertility and the existence of a
young productive population however, may not
be enough to offset this concern over food
security.
– The FAO warns that in order for countries to
mitigate the impact of population growth, food
production must increase by 70%.
Population growth and Food Security
• FAO recommends that countries increase their
investments in agriculture, craft long-term
policies aimed at fighting poverty, and invest in
research and development.
• The FAO therefore enjoins governments to keep
their markets open, and eventually “move
towards a global trading system that is fair and
competitive”
Conclusion
• Demography is a complex discipline that requires
the integration of various social scientific data.
• Demographic changes and policies have impacts
on the environment, politics, resources, and
others.
• No interdisciplinary account of globalization is
complete without an accounting of people.
Sources:
• Claudio, E.L., et. al., “The contemporary
world”, 2018, p.2-10
• Soderbaum, F., “Regionalism”, Retrieved
September 2019, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication
/260228052_Regionalism

You might also like