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Topic 2

This document discusses heredity and the environment. It begins by defining genotype as an organism's hereditary information and phenotype as its observable properties. It then discusses various patterns of heredity transmission, genetic testing and counseling, the genetic transmission process involving chromosomes, genes, DNA, and mitosis. It explores the interaction between heredity and environment, including reaction range, genetic-environmental correlations, and how environment can influence gene expression. Finally, it provides examples of several genetic disorders such as hemophilia, diabetes, PKU, sickle-cell anemia, and Down syndrome.

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67 views

Topic 2

This document discusses heredity and the environment. It begins by defining genotype as an organism's hereditary information and phenotype as its observable properties. It then discusses various patterns of heredity transmission, genetic testing and counseling, the genetic transmission process involving chromosomes, genes, DNA, and mitosis. It explores the interaction between heredity and environment, including reaction range, genetic-environmental correlations, and how environment can influence gene expression. Finally, it provides examples of several genetic disorders such as hemophilia, diabetes, PKU, sickle-cell anemia, and Down syndrome.

Uploaded by

aizureen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TOPIC 2

HEREDITY AND THE


ENVIRONMENT
BIOLOGICAL BEGINNINGS
1. FORMING A NEW LIFE
2. MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
- GENOTTYPE – an organism’s full hereditary
information
- PHENOTYPE- an organism’s actual observed
properties

A) The Genetic Code


B) Patterns of Heredity Transmission
1- single gene-pair inheritance
2-sex-linked inheritance
3- polygenic ( or multiple gene) inheritance
4- mutation

C) Abnormalities in genes and chromosomes

D) Genetic Counselling and testing


1- Alphafetoprotein Test ( AFP)
2- Amniocentesis
3- Chorionic Villus Test ( CVT)
THE PROCESS OF
GENETIC TRANSMISSIONM
THE EGG OR OVUM –
the largest cell in human body, is about 90,000 times
as heavy as the sperm

THE SPERM –
 the smallest cell in the body, is shaped by a head
where the hereditary information is and a whiplike
tail- to search of the ovum.
CHROMOSOMES AND GENES are located
inside the nucleus or center of the cell.
23 chromosomes or 46 chromosomes in all.
Half from the father and mother
Mitosis – a process – a unique feature of
DNA is that it can duplicate itself
Genes –portions of the chromosome’s DNA
molecule
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT
1- Behavioural Genetics
- an approach to study the interactions between
heredity and environment quantitatively
- family, adoption and twin studies

2- How heredity and environment work together


-to developing person ( combination of factors such as
biological and psychological makeup, the social,
economic and culture
HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS
REACTION RANGE
1- as individuals have unique genetic makeup, each of us
responds differently to the same environment
2- sometimes different genetic-environmental combinations
can make two people look the same.

GENETIC-ENVIRONMENT COLLELATION
1- PASSIVE CORRELATION - at a younger age, passive
correlation to common as the child has no control over it.
2- EVOCATIVE CORRELATION – the child evokes responses
from others that are influenced by the child’s heredity, and
these responses strengthen the child’s original style.
3-ACTIVE CORRELATION- at older ages – becomes more
common
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUNCES ON GENE EXPRESSION
Genes affect children’s behaviour and experiences, but
their behaviour and experiences also affect gene
expression

Epigenesis – development resulting from ongoing,


bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all
levels of the environment
GENETIC DISORDERS
1- HEMOPHILIA
-blood disease characterized by poor clotting ability

2- DIABETES MELLITUS
 Body’s inability to metabolize carbohydrates and
maintain proper glucose leves

3- PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU)
- Inability to convert phenylketonuria to tyrosine,
untreated, leads to mental retardation
GENETIC DISORDERS
4- SICKLE-CELL ANEMIA
- Blood disease characterized by malformation of red
blood cells that are low in oxygen

5- DOWN SYNDROME ( trissomy 21)


- Physically and mentally retarded development,
sometimes, cardiovascular and respiratory
abnormalities

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