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Inelastic Material Behavior

Inelastic material behavior involves nonlinear relationships between stress and strain where materials undergo permanent deformation. There are several factors that affect the stress-strain curve such as loading rate, temperature, load reversal, and multiaxial stress states. For multiaxial stress states, failure criteria define the conditions under which yielding will occur and are represented by yield functions involving the state of stress and yield strength. Common failure criteria include maximum principal stress, maximum principal strain, distortional energy density, maximum shear stress, and octahedral shear stress criteria. Each criterion defines an equivalent uniaxial stress state and yield function that is set to zero at failure.

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JONATHAN RAJ A/L SEMAN
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166 views

Inelastic Material Behavior

Inelastic material behavior involves nonlinear relationships between stress and strain where materials undergo permanent deformation. There are several factors that affect the stress-strain curve such as loading rate, temperature, load reversal, and multiaxial stress states. For multiaxial stress states, failure criteria define the conditions under which yielding will occur and are represented by yield functions involving the state of stress and yield strength. Common failure criteria include maximum principal stress, maximum principal strain, distortional energy density, maximum shear stress, and octahedral shear stress criteria. Each criterion defines an equivalent uniaxial stress state and yield function that is set to zero at failure.

Uploaded by

JONATHAN RAJ A/L SEMAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Inelastic material behavior

Inelastic material behavior


• Inelastic : nonlinear relationship
between stress and strain. Material
undergoes permanent deformation.
• Plasticity: Inelastic behavior of
material with permanent
deformation.
• Factors affecting stress-strain curve:
Rate of loading, temperature, load
reversal and multiaxial state of stress.

Uniaxial loading
Nonlinear material response
• Stress-strain curve for different materials.

Nonlinear elastic Plastic Viscoelastic Viscoplastic

Uniaxial loading
General types of mechanical failure
The general types of mechanical failure include:
1. Failure by fracture due to static overload, the fracture being either brittle or ductile.
2. Buckling in columns due to compressive overloading.
3. Yield under static loading which then leads to misalignment or overloading on
other components.
4. Failure due to impact loading or thermal shock.
5. Failure by fatigue fracture.
6. Creep failure due to low strain rate at high temperature.
7. Failure due to the combined effects of stress and corrosion.
8. Failure due to excessive wear

Classification of failure:
Brittle failure (fracture)
Ductile failure (yield)
Yield criteria
• Yield criterion defines conditions in which yielding (failure) will
occur.
• Usually represented in mathematical form (yield function, f ), which
contains two terms: σij (state of stress) and Y (Yield strength for
uniaxial load). Yield function = f (σij , Y ).
• Need to apply failure criteria to multiaxial state of stress. Multiaxial
stress state need to be converted to equivalent uniaxial stress state
(effective stress, σe).
• Thus, the yield function can be written as:
f (σij , Y ) = σe – Y. Failure occurs when f = 0.

Uniaxial loading Biaxial loading


Maximum principal stress criterion
(Rankine’s criterion)

• The maximum principal stress criterion states that


failure occurs when maximum principal stress, σ = Y.
• Equivalent uniaxial stress state (effective stress, σe),
σe = max (σ1, σ2, σ3).
• Yield function,
f = σe – Y
= max (σ1, σ2, σ3) – Y.

Failure occurs when f = 0.


Maximum principal strain criterion
(St. Venant’s criterion)
• Failure occurs when maximum principal strain = yield strain:
ɛ1= ɛY =Y/E
The principal strain based on the generalized Hooke’s Law for 3D Isotropic material:
1
1   1  v 2  v 3 
E
• Rewriting in terms of stress: σ1 = Eɛ1 = (σ1 - vσ2 - vσ3)
• Therefore, the Yield function,
f = σe – Y
= σ1 – Y
= (σ1 - vσ2 - vσ3) – Y

For 2D, f =(σ1 - vσ2 ) – Y

Failure occurs when f = 0.


Strain-Energy Density criterion
• Failure occurs when strain-energy density at a point = strain-energy density at
yield in uniaxial tension/compression.
• Strain-energy density at a point:

U0 
1
2E

 12   22   32  2v( 1 2   1 3   2 3 ) 
• Strain-energy density at yield (σ1 = Y , σ2 = σ3 = 0):
Y2
U OY 
2E

• Failure occurs when U0 = UOY :


 12   22   32  2v( 1 2   1 3   2 3 )  Y 2
 12   22   32  2v( 1 2   1 3   2 3 )  Y 2  0

• The Yield function, f is then given by:


f   e2  Y 2
 e   12   22   32  2v( 1 2   1 3   2 3 )

Failure occurs when f = 0.


Maximum Shear-Stress (Tresca) criterion
• Failure occurs when maximum shear stress at a point = maximum shear stress at
yield in uniaxial tension/compression.
• Maximum shear stress for multiaxial loading is given as:
 max 
 max   min    1   3 
2 2

• For uniaxial loading, σ1 = σ , σ2 = σ3 = 0.



 max 
2
• For uniaxial loading, Yield begins when σ = Y, the respective shear stress
becomes:
Y
Y 
2
• Therefore, the Yield function, f is defined as
Y
f  e 
2
 e   max
Failure occurs when f = 0.
Distortional Energy Density (Von Mises) criterion /
octahedral shear-stress criterion
• Failure occurs when distortional strain-energy density at a point =
distortional strain-energy density at yield in uniaxial tension/compression.
• The Yield function, f is given as:

f   e2  Y 2

e 
1
2

 xx   yy  2   yy   zz  2   zz   xx  2 
 3 J2
Failure occurs when f = 0.
Example 1
Solution Example 1
Example 2
Solution Example 2
Example 3

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