SHROFF S.R.

ROTARY INSTITUTE
OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
Mechanical Engineering Department
SUBJECT
Physics
Member Names:- Enrollment No. :-Abhishek .
A . Patil ₁₆₀₉₉₀₁₁₉₀₂₇
Parth . M . Patel 160990119026
Prashant Patil 160990119028
Akshay babu 160990119029
Introduction
to
Nanoscale
What is Nanoscience ?
Definition 1 – Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and
manipulation of
materials at atomic , molecular and
macromolecular scales; where
properties differ significantly from those of larger
scale.
Definition 2 - Nanoscience is the study of atoms , molecules
and objects whose size
is of the nanometer scale ( 1 – 100nm ).
 What is nanotechnology ?
Definition 1 – Nanotechnology is the application of the principles of
nanoscience
into useful nanodevices and components . By manipulating the
concepts of nanoscience , nanotechnology aims at improving
the
lifestyle of the human race .
Definition 2 – Nanotechnology is the technique of design, production of
devices
and systems by controlling the shape and size at the nanometer
scale.

Nanoparticle ?
A particle with size in the range of 1-100nm is called a nanoparticle.
Zero-dimensional nanostructures –
In 0D nanostructures , all of the three dimensions are in the nanometric
size range .
Electrons confined in three dimensions.
One-dimensional nanostructures –
In 1D nanostructures , two dimensions are in the nanometric size range and
the third dimension remains large . Electrons confined in two dimension .
These structures have shape like a rod .
Two-dimensional nanostructures
In 2D nanostructures , one dimension is reduced to the nanometric size rang
and the other two dimension remain large . Eleetrons confined in one dimension.
These 2D structures display plane like structures.
 Three-dimensional nanostructures
The 3D nanostructures have all the three dimensions outside of the
nanometric size range .
A 3D nanostructures can include different distributions of nanoparticles or
nanocrystallites , nanocomposite materials , groups of nanowires and nanotubes
and also different nanolayers.
 Introduction
to Surface
Area to
Volume ratio
Nano Material
 Nano Material
1. Nano Materials could be defined as the materials with at
least one of its dimensions in the range of a Nano meter.

2. Thus the material need not be so small that it cannot be

seen, it can be a large surface or a long wire whose
thickness is in the scale of Nanometers.

3. Materials that are Nano scale in one dimension are layers,

such as a Thin films or Surface coatings.

4. Materials that are Nano Scale in two dimensions include

Nano wires and Nano tubes.

5. Materials that are Nano scale in three dimensions are

particles for example precipitates, colloids and quantum dots
(Small particles of Semiconductor Materials)
 Why properties of Nano Materials are different ?

The properties of Nano Materials are very

much different from those at a larger scale.
Two principal factors cause the properties of
Nano Materials to differ significantly from
other materials.

1.Increased relative surface area.

2.Quantum confinement effect.
These factors can charge or enhance
properties such as reactivity , strength and
electrical characteristics.
Increase in a Surface Area to Volume ratio

Nano Materials have a relatively larger Surface

area when compared to the same volume or
mass of the material produced in a larger form.

Let us consider a Sphere of radius “r”.

Its Surface Area =4πr2.
Its volume= 4/3πr3
Surface Area to Volume Ratio= 3/r.
Thus when the radius of the Sphere decreases ,
its Surface to Volume ratio increases.
 1m

surface area  6  1m 2  6m 2
Let us consider one Cubic Volume shown in
figure its the Surface Area is 6m2 .
When it is divided into eight pieces its Surface
Area becomes 12m2, similarly When the same
volume is divided into 27 pieces its Surface
Area becomes 18m2.
 Thus we find that when the given volume is
divided into smaller pieces the Surface Area
increases.
Hence as particle size decreases a greater
proportion of atoms are found at the surface
compared to those inside.
1
m
2

1 2
surface area  6  ( m)  8  12m 2
2
Quantum Size Effects
And Electron
Confinement
Size Dependence And Quantum Effect
1. When the particles are in nanoscale of about 1 -
100 nm, the material properties change
significantly from those at large scale. This is the
size scale where the so called quantum effect
rules the behaviour and properties of particles.
2. Thus when the particle is in nanosacale, the
properties such as, melting point, fluorescence,
electrical conductivity, chemical reactivity,
magnetic permeability etc change as a function of
the size of the particle.
Basically, there are two types of size dependent
effects.
1. Increase in surface area to volume ratio of material .
This effect can make nanomaterial's more chemically
reactive and affect their strength, melting point or
electrical property.
2. Quantum effect which show discontinues behaviour
due to completion of shells in systems with
delocalised electron. The quantum effect may affect
the optical, electrical and magnetic behaviour of
materials.
Electron Confinement
(Quantum Confinement )
What is Quantum Confinement?
Quantum Confinement describes how the
electronic and optical properties change when
the material size is at nanoscale.
Quantum Confinement effects describe
electrons in terms of energy levels, potential
well, valence band, conduction band and
energy band gap.
However when the material size is decreased
towards nanoscale, the Confinement
dimensions also naturally decrease.
In other words, the energy spectrum becomes discrete
measured at quanta rather than continues as in bulk
material . This situation of discrete energy levels is
called quantum Confinement.
Nanoscale quantum Confinement can be 0D, 1D or 2D.
1. 0D Confinement is found in quantum dots.
2. 1D Confinement is found in nanowire.
3. 2D Confinement is found in quantum Wells.
Nanomaterial and
Nanotechnology
What is Nanotechnology
the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic
and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals
with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometer in at
least one dimension, and involves developing or
modifying materials or devices within that size.
 Nanotechnology
is already making today’s products:
Lighter
Stronger
Faster
Smaller
More Durable
How small is Nano - small?

Units in nanometers (µm)

 Nanotechnology spans many Areas
Information Mechanical Biotechnology
Technology Engineering
Eng. & /
Robotics
Transportation

Advance
Materials &
Textiles NANOTECHNOLOGY National
Security &
Defense

Energy &
Environment
Food and
Aerospace Medicine Agriculture
/
Health
 Nanomaterial
The material which have dimension of 10^-9 it is
known as nanomaterials.
some nanomaterials are as follow
1.carbon nanotubes
2.bucky ball
 Carbon nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon
with a cylindrical nanostructure. These cylindrical
carbon molecules have unusual properties, which are
valuable for nanotechnology, electronics, optics and
other fields of materials science and technology.
Owing to the material's exceptional strength and
stiffness, nanotubes have been constructed with
length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1,[1]
significantly larger than for any other material.
Types of carbon nanotubes
There are two types of carbon nanotubes
single layered carbon nanotubes
multilayered carbon nanotubes
Thank You