SKAA 4034 FINAL YEAR PROJECT

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PILE

ECCENTRICITY LIMIT CHART AND
OPTIMUM PILE LOCATION CHART OF
A TWO PILE GROUP SPUN PILE
ARRANGEMENT

PREPARED BY : AZNAN BIN OTHMAN

NO.MATRIX : SX131270KAWS07
SUPERVISED BY : IR AZHAR BIN AHMAD
 ABSTRACK
 The aim of this study is to evaluate the maximum permissible
pile eccentricity such that the redistributed pile loads due to pile
eccentricity does not exceed the pile working load.
 Selected to indicate low, medium and high load intensities,
namely N/n=1.25, 1.5 and 1.75
 With this chart each individual pile eccentricity can be identified
as either to be in a “safe zone” or beyond, thus resulting in a
“Pass/Fail” condition
 This is evident when the result of permissible eccentricity at high
N/n ratio is plotted against lower N/n ratios, the corresponding
“safe zone” becomes narrower.
 A novel addition to this study is the development of a
chart that could be used to locate the optimum position of
additional pile when pile eccentricity exceeds maximum
permissible values, leading to “Fail” condition
 Thus, this study has contributed by developing not only a
Pile Eccentricity Limit Chart but also an Optimum Pile
Location Chart for a two pile group arrangement usually
adopted in practice
 These charts with the corresponding N/n ratio, can be used to
verify a “Pass/Fail” condition using actual pile eccentricities
recorded on site as well as to locate optimum additional pile
position for “Fail” condition.
 INTRODUCTION

 Pile foundation is one of foundations that usually used

when the bearing capacity of the soil is weak for a certain
type of structure.
 The piles are not driven in the accurate location the
eccentric load is arisen which might lead to a big
failure of the pile cap
 This problem is always not considered in the design
stage of the pile cap which can cause to either drive
new piles on the accurate position which shown in
the drawing or increase the possibility of pile cap
failure if this problem is ignored.
 PROBLEM STATEMENT
 The short comings of driving pre-designated piles at exactly
correct position the ground has introduced the‘pile eccentricity’
 The questions of how safe and reliable
 Critical factor is not the eccentricity of individual piles but the
overall pile group centroid that influences the safety and
reliability of pile group load carrying capacity
 The problem is extended when the eccentricities beyond
‘allowable’ limits occur
 The pile groups and the pile caps are not able to sustain the
loads due to eccentric moments which causes loads
distributed to piles to be greater than the pile working load
capacities
 This program is developed to analyse both issues addressed
earlier in order to solve the problem and to provide better
understanding for on-site field solution
 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

To develop a Eccentricity Limit Chart that indicates

maximum permissible safe eccentricities

To evaluate the effect of column load intensity N over pile working

load capacity n (N/n) ratio on the Eccentricity Limit Chart

To develop a Optimum Pile Location Chart for additional pile

where eccentricities are excessive leading to “Fail” conditiono
 SCOPE
OF
STUDY
Microsoft
Excel
spreadsheet

spun pile involves two

diameter is 300 pile group
mm with a
thickness of 60 with
mm eccentricity

Spun pile Angle for pile

working cape0̊ , 30̊ , 45̊
load 400KN and 60̊
Vertical load
478KN,
577KN AND
678KN
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 The pile cap must be rigid and capable of transferring the loads to the piles
underneath
 To determine the allowable load capacity of a single pile under various
load conditions
 The presence of bending moment will change the distribution of loading to
pile group as piles that are located farthest from the centroid of pile group
will receive a bigger loading as compared to the nearest piles.
 The moment usually absent at the structural member in ideal situation
 Eccentricity can occur in two direction which is X and Y direction and
both direction need be included in the calculation of the load distribution
on piles due to vertical loads
 For pile groups arranged with an axis of symmetry, the equation of the
distribution can be used as follows:
 The maximum allowable eccentricity is 75 mm only for all directions of
the single pile as referred to Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) in Spesifikasi
PiawaiUntuk Kerja-Kerja Bangunan.
 The eccentricity of pile will affect the load distribution to the pile either in
reduction or addition of load
 By doing some renovation of the other piles, the eccentricity values for
group of piles can be reduced if there is eccentricity in the first pile driven.
 METHODOLOGY
Design of ordinary piling cap

Input for pile group (2 pile groups)

i. Load ii. Pile capacity iii. Concrete strength and strength of steel (fyk) iv. Pile size STEP 1

The absence of eccentricity analysis STEP 2

Rotation angle of pile cap The condition if the pile fails

Pile eccentricity analysis Analysis of the cap turnsdifferent Analysis of the cap turns different

Check the piling capacity

REDESIGN REDESIGN
Produce the optimum additional stack location graph or slope replacement
STEP 3

Chose the most optimum for additional pile

YES
YES

Check for eccentricity Check for failure STEP 4

NO
Use the new pile cap

Development of Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet Pro
gram

Establishing Net Pile Group Eccentricity Limit Char
t
 Additional Pile Procedure
 RESULTS & ANALYSIS
1. Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet Program
User Key-In Value:

Fixed Parameters
Ø Spun Pile = 300 × 300 mm
k= 3-5
Pile Working Load = 400 kN
N/n = 1.25, 1.50 and
1.75

Results Obtained from Program:

Number of Pile = 2
Size of Pile Cap = 1500 × 1000 × 600 mm
Total Service Load + Self-weight Pile Cap = 700 KN
(N/n= 1.75)
Position of each piles
Value of Net Eccentricity
Centroid point for loading and pile group
PILE ECCENTRICITY PLAN
WITHOUT PILE ADDITIONAL

#Step 1
Insert the RC spunpile
diameter and working
load 300mm and 400KN

Insert the angle

rotation 0, 30 45
and 60 degree
#Step 2 Assume P1@P2 fail

FAIL ≥ 400kN
 Step 3

Insert Recommended Net Replacement Net Coordinates (x and y

coordinates) into Replacement Pile Position (x and y coordinates)
 Step 4

PAST ≤ 400kN
 PILE ECCENTRICITY PLAN WITHOUT PILE
ADDITIONAL
PILING

Y COORDINATE (mm)
PLAN 2 PILE GROUP: OVERALL PILE LOCATION
100.00

CHART 1:
Pile Ecc
Layout
No Ecc pile 1 pile 2
x coor -450.00 450.00
y coor 0.00 0.00

With Ecc pile 1 pile 2

x coor -400.00 300.00
y coor 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-500.00 -400.00 -300.00 -200.00 -100.00 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
0 X COORDINATE (mm)
  X Y
Column 0.00 0.00 P1 Ecc P2 Ecc ORIGINAL P1 ORIGINAL P2 COLUMN
 ADDITIONAL PILE
 Failure will happen to the pile group due the eccentricity that produces a
load more than the pile working load
 To overcome the problem of high eccentricity is to drive a new pile to
resist the high eccentric load
 Producing a "pass-fall" criterion for detecting eccentricity of piles Through
this graph we can determine the position of the replacement pile to ensure
the eccentricity pile can be avoided.
 The user will be able to identify the new location for the additional pile in
the condition of failure by the spreadsheet been created.
 The user can insert the new position of the new pile and the result will
come out in the spreadsheet and check whether the location that proposed
by the user can be applied in the field or not.
 The additional piles will reduce the efficiency of the group pile and this
reduction is due to the overlapping of stresses between the piles when the
spacing is less than 3d
 This eccentricity is able to produce a load more than the capability of the
pile which leads to a big failure of the pile group.
 When an extreme eccentricity of the centroid axis of the pile cap has
changed to get a balance on the pile cap. Whereas, additional piles are
needed to prevent the occurrence of eccentricity on the pile externally.
 PILE ECCENTRICITY PLAN
WITH PILE ADDITIONAL
PILING PLAN

Y COORDINATE (mm)
2 PILE GROUP: OVERALL PILE LOCATION
CHART 2: (pile eccentricity plan with pile addition)
Eccessive Pile Ecc 100.00

With Pile Addition

  pile 1 pile 2

x coor -450.00 450.00

y coor 0.00 0.00

coor pile 1 pile 2

x -400.00 300.00
y 0.00 0.00

Rep. PILE #1 Rep. PILE #2

0.00 0.00
100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-500.00 -400.00 -300.00 -200.00 -100.00 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00
0
0.00 0.00
X COORDINATE (mm)
P1 Ecc P2 Ecc Additional Pile ORIGINAL P1 ORIGINAL P2
 ON-SITE FIELD CHARTS
FOR PILE FAILURE CHECK

Max Allowable ex @ P1 or P2
N/n=1.75
ex @ P1
ex @ P2 PILE ECC LIMIT CHART(ex): N/n=1.75
(+ve) (-ve)
150 -51 -224 400
100 15 -187
ey=0 50 81 -149
300
0 148 -111
-50 215 -74
-100 281 -36 200
-150 348 1
100
N/n=1.75
ex @ P1 0
ex @ P2
(+ve) (-ve) -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
150 -1 -347
-100
100 36 -281
ey=0 50 74 -215
0 111 -148 -200
-50 149 -82
-100 187 -15
-300
-150 224 51

-400

Ecc ex @ P1 or P2
max ex @ P2 max ex @ P2 max ex @ P1 max ex @ P1
 PILE ECC LIMIT CHART (ey): N/n=1.75

Max Allowable ey @ P2
N/n=1.75 ey @ P2 250
ey @ P1 ey @ P2 Zone ey @ P2
1 Zone 2
-150 199 113
200
-100 132 76
-50 66 38
ex=0 -25 33 19
150
0 0 0
25 -33 -19
50 -66 -38 100
100 -132 -76
150 -199 -113
50

0
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
N/n=1.75 ey @ P1 Zone 1
ey @ P1 ey @ P1
ey @ P2 Zone 1 Zone 2 -50
-150 199 113
-100 132 76
-50 66 38 -100
ex=0 -25 33 19
0 0 0
25 -33 -19 -150
50 -66 -38
100 -132 -76
150 -199 -113 -200

-250

Ecc ey @ P1
ey Safe Zone 1 Linear (ey Safe Zone 1) ey Safe Zone 2
 GRAPH OPTIMUM LOCATION OF PILE DUE
TO EXCESSIVE ECCENTRICITY
Ey=0

Recommended
Net Pile
Additional Pile
Group Ex X Coordinate OPTIMUM LOCATION OF ADDITIONAL PILE DUE TO EXCESSIVE
Ecc OF A 2 PILE GROUP (N/n=1.75)

Additional Pile Coordinate

200 -200 250
150 -150
100 -100
200
50 -50
0 0
-50 50 150
-100 100
-150 150 100
-200 200
50
Ex=0
0
Recommended -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Net Pile Additional Pile
-50
Group Ey Y Coordinate
-100

-200 200 -150

-150 150
-100 100
-200
-50 50
0 0
50 -50 -250
100 -100
150 -150
Net Pile Group Ecc (Net Ex, Net Ey)
200 -200
Optimum Line Linear (Optimum Line)
 CONCL
USION
Increase the number of
piles to help in most
situations especially
when the pile's
dimensions of the pile
can not be changed

With the results of This software can help

this study, the engineers solve problems
and identify the problem
objective of the quickly without having to
study has reached calculate the whole group
the intended goal of two piles on the site

From this study, the problem of Using this spreadsheet

eccentricity properties in piling software can help in
masons can not be taken lightly
designing, analyzing and
due to the serious failure that
may occur despite the absence detecting failed piling
of piles below 75 mm according holes in the two pile
to the Public Works Department. groups
Thank
You!