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Computer Organization and Architecture

The document discusses computer memory and storage. It defines key memory terms like bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes. It describes the memory hierarchy from fastest to slowest as registers, cache memory, RAM, and secondary storage like magnetic disks. Memory is organized logically as a linear array of locations addressed from 0 to maximum size. The memory is characterized by its capacity to store data and its access time, with faster memories having smaller capacities and slower memories having larger storage.

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Srijana Shet
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88 views

Computer Organization and Architecture

The document discusses computer memory and storage. It defines key memory terms like bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes. It describes the memory hierarchy from fastest to slowest as registers, cache memory, RAM, and secondary storage like magnetic disks. Memory is organized logically as a linear array of locations addressed from 0 to maximum size. The memory is characterized by its capacity to store data and its access time, with faster memories having smaller capacities and slower memories having larger storage.

Uploaded by

Srijana Shet
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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QUIZ

Computer Organization And Architecture


• Define computer architecture, computer organization and
computer design.
• CPU is also often called the_____of computer.
• Define a motherboard.
• The different parts of the CPU are_____, _____ and _____.
• _____ and _____ are the main memory.
• ALU consists of the _____ unit and _____ unit.
• _____ is also called the working memory of the CPU.
• The size of the register is also the _____ size.
• The _____ memory is placed between the RAM and the CPU.
• There are _____ levels of cache memory.
• The size of the cache memory is generally in the range _____.
• A system bus or expansion bus comprises of three kinds of
buses _____, _____ and _____.
• The _____ of data bus affects the speed of computer.
• The _____ of address bus determines the maximum number of
memory locations the
• computer can address.
• Give differences between the following—
1. Registers and cache memory
2. Cache memory and RAM
3. Data bus, address bus and control bus
CHAPTER 3
Computer Memory And Storage
Note:

• From the moment you switch on a computer till you switch it


off, computer uses its primary memory. When you request for
the processing of data and instructions, the processor uses its
registers, cache memory, primary memory and secondary
memory. As a computer user, you need to be aware of the
memory present in a computer.
INTRODUCTION

• The cache memory, registers, and RAM are fast memories


and store the data and instructions temporarily during the
processing of data and instructions.
• The secondary memory like magnetic disks and optical disks
have large storage capacities and store the data and instructions
permanently, but are slow memory devices.
MEMORY REPRESENTATION
• Binary digit or bit is the basic unit of memory. A bit is a single
binary digit, i.e., 0 or 1.
• A bit is the smallest unit of representation of data in a computer.
• A group of 8 bits form a byte.
• One byte is the smallest unit of data that is handled by the
computer.
• One byte can store 28, i.e., 256 different combinations of bits,
and thus can be used to represent 256 different symbols.
• In a byte, the different combinations of bits fall in the range
00000000 to 11111111.
• A group of bytes can be further combined to form a word. A
word can be a group of 2, 4 or 8 bytes.
Cont’d….
• 1 bit = 0 or 1
• 1 Byte (B) = 8 bits
• 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 210 = 1024 bytes
• 1 Megabyte (MB) = 220 = 1024KB
• 1 Gigabyte (GB) = 230 = 1024 MB = 1024 *1024 KB
• 1 Terabyte (TB) = 240= 1024 GB = 1024 * 1024 *1024 KB
Memory is
logically organized
as a linear array
of locations.
For a processor,
the range of the
memory addresses
is 0 to the
maximum size of
memory.
Figure shows the
organization of a
16 MB block of
memory for a
processor with a
32-bit word
length.
MEMORY HIERARCHY
• The memory is characterized on the basis of two key factors—
capacity and access time.
• Capacity is the amount of information (in bits) that a memory
can store.
• Access time is the time interval between the read/ write request
and the availability of data.
• The lesser the access time, the faster is the speed of memory.
• The computer uses a hierarchy of memory that is organized in a
manner to enable the fastest speed and largest capacity of
memory.

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