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PSG Unit Iv

Static relays use solid state components like transistors and diodes rather than mechanical parts. They can replace electromechanical relays. A static relay has a comparator that compares operating and restraining quantities like voltage and current magnitudes or phase angles to detect faults. It also has amplitude comparators like circulating current or opposed voltage comparators, and phase comparators like vector product, block and spike, or phase splitting comparators. Numerical relays sample AC quantities and convert them to digital data, then use mathematical and logical processing to make trip decisions.

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103 views15 pages

PSG Unit Iv

Static relays use solid state components like transistors and diodes rather than mechanical parts. They can replace electromechanical relays. A static relay has a comparator that compares operating and restraining quantities like voltage and current magnitudes or phase angles to detect faults. It also has amplitude comparators like circulating current or opposed voltage comparators, and phase comparators like vector product, block and spike, or phase splitting comparators. Numerical relays sample AC quantities and convert them to digital data, then use mathematical and logical processing to make trip decisions.

Uploaded by

Manmohan Meena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit IV

Static Relays
What is a Static Relay?

• The term ‘static’ implies that the relay has no moving mechanical


parts in it.

• It is a relay that uses solid state components like transistors and


diodes for the measurement or comparison of electrical quantities.

• The static relays are designed to replace all the functions achieved
earlier by electromechanical relays.
Block Diagram of a Static Relay
1. Comparator
• The magnitude of voltage & current and phase angle between them
may change when a fault occurs.
• Static relay senses the change in these parameters to differentiate
between healthy and faulty conditions.
• This is achieved by comparing either the magnitudes of voltage &
current or the phase angle between them.
• The circuitry which performs this function is called comparator.
• Two types – amplitude comparator and phase comparator
1.1 Amplitude Comparator
• It compares the magnitude of two input quantities irrespective of the
angle between them.
• The two quantities are operating quantity and restraining quantity.
• When the magnitude of the operating quantity is greater than the
restraining quantity, the relay sends trip signal to C.B.
• Types
• Circulating current comparator
• Opposed voltage comparator
1.1.1 Circulating current Comparator
• iO and ir are operating and restraining
currents.
• Under no fault condition, ir > iO. The
differential current flows through the
relay in -ve direction.
• During a fault, io > ir. Hence the
differential current flows through the
relay in +ve direction to trip C.B
1.1.2 Opposed Voltage Comparator
• VO and Vr are operating and restraining
voltages.
• Under no fault condition, Vr > VO. The
differential current flows through the
relay in -ve direction.
• During a fault, Vo > Vr. Hence the
differential current flows through the
relay in +ve direction to trip C.B.
1.2 Phase Comparator
• Period of coincidence of +ve polarity of 2 signals are compared with a
reference angle. (usually 90 degree)
• If the 2 signals have a phase difference of ɸ, then the angle of
coincidence ψ = 180 - ɸ.
• If ɸ < 900, then ψ > 900. The phase comparator may be designed to trip
the C.B, when ψ > 900.
• The period of coincidence is measured by different techniques.
Types of Phase Comparator
• 1.2.1 Vector product P.C
a) Hall effect P.C
b) Magneto-resistivity P.C
• 1.2.2 Coincidence type P.C
a) Block spike P.C
b) Phase-splitting type P.C
c) Integrating type P.C
d) Rectifier bridge type P.C
a) Block and Spike Phase Comparator
• In this method, one of the two input signals is
converted into a square wave and the other is
converted into a spike during its peak.
• Square wave and spike are given to an AND
gate whose output is 1 when both square wave
and spike are coinciding.
• Coincidence will happen only when the angle
between the input signals are less than 900
which indicates a fault.
• Output of AND gate is used to trip the C.B
b) Phase Splitting Comparator
• In this method, two phase shifted (+/-45 0)
components are obtained for each of the
input signals.
• These 4 components are fed into an AND
gate.
• Output will be 1 if all 4 signals are positive
at a time. This happens only during a
faulty condition.
• Output of AND gate is used to trip the C.B
Numerical Relay
Numerical Relay
• Numerical is the relay in which the measured AC quantities are
sequentially sampled and converted into numerical data that is
mathematically and/or logically processed to make trip decisions.

• Numerical relay is the latest development in the area of power system


protection.

• The design and method of operation these relays are different from the
conventional electromechanical relays.

• Numerical relays are based on numerical devices such as microprocessors,


microcontrollers and digital signal processors etc.
Numerical Relay for Differential Protection
Numerical Relay for Distance Protection

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