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Materials Performance Indices-Intro

The document discusses the key factors to consider in materials selection for engineering including function, mechanical properties, manufacturability and cost. It covers various classes of materials and properties to examine to select the optimal material based on charts and indices for given design needs and constraints.

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Erna Fauzana
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58 views19 pages

Materials Performance Indices-Intro

The document discusses the key factors to consider in materials selection for engineering including function, mechanical properties, manufacturability and cost. It covers various classes of materials and properties to examine to select the optimal material based on charts and indices for given design needs and constraints.

Uploaded by

Erna Fauzana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATERIALS SELECTION IN ENGINEERING

OVERVIEW
Factors/Criteria in Material Selection
• Function
• Geometry
• Mechanical Properties
• Failure Modes
• Manufacturability
• Cost
• Environmental Considerations

Decision Making in material selection


MECHANICAL DESIGN
Deals with function and physical principles
• Components must
• Carry Loads
• Conduct Heat and Electricity
• Exposed to Wear and Corrosion
• Must be Manufactured

Limited by Materials
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
· Six important classes of materials
 Metals  Ceramics
 Polymers  Glasses
 Elastomers  Composites

· Successful design exploits and brings out


the true potential of materials selected.
· The goal is to meet a certain profile of
properties
DESIGN-LIMITING MATERIAL PROPERTIES
General: Thermal
• Cost • Thermal Conductivity
• Density • Thermal Diffusivity
• Specific Heat
• Melting Point
Mechanical • Glass Temperature
• Elastic Moduli • Thermal Expansion Coefficient
• Strength • Thermal Shock Resistance
• Toughness • Creep Resistance
• Fracture Toughness
• Damping Capacity
• Fatigue Endurance Limit Corrosion/Oxidation
• Corrosion Rate
Wear • Parabolic Rate Constant

• Archard Wear Constant


MENU OF MATERIALS
Metals Ceramics/Glasses
• High Moduli • High Moduli, Hard,
• Can undergo Abrasion/Corrosion
- Alloying, Heat Treatment resistant
- Cutting Tools
• Formed by Deformation
• Retain Strength at High
• Ductile Temperature
- Yields before fracture • Brittle
• Prey to Fatigue, Corrosion • Prey to high contact
stresses, low tolerance
for cracks
MENU OF MATERIALS
· Polymers and Elastomers · Composites
- Low Moduli, High Strength - High Moduli, Strength,
» High Elastic Deflection Lightweight
• Snap fits - Can be Tough
- Corrosion Resistant - Optimal performance
- Easy to Shape at room temperature
- Minimize Finishing - Expensive
Operations - Difficult to Form/Join
- Temperature Dependent
Properties
MATERIALS SELECTION
CHARTS
Combinations of properties are important in evaluating
usefulness of materials.
• Strength to Weight Ratio: sf/r
• Stiffness to Weight Ratio: E/r

Helpful to plot one property against another


Following charts useful in performance-optimization
SPEED OF SOUND IN A SOLID, V
Represented by: v E 

M.F. Ashby. Materials Selection in Mechanical Design. Pp34 © 1999


MODULUS VS. DENSITY CHART

M.F. Ashby. Materials Selection in Mechanical Design. Pp37 © 1999


MATERIAL INDICES
A method is necessary for translating design
requirements into a prescription for a material
Modulus-Density charts
• Reveal a method of using lines of constant
E1 n n  1,2,3

to allow selection of materials for minimum weight and deflection-
limited design.

Material Index
• Combination of material properties which characterize performance
in a given application.
MATERIAL INDICES AND PERFORMANCE
Combination of material properties which characterize performance in a
given application
Performance of a material:

 Functional   Geometeric   Material 


p  f  ,  ,  
 Needs, F   Parameters , G   Characteri stics , M 

p  f1 ( F ) f 2 (G ) f 3 ( M )
SIMPLIFICATION OF
PERFORMANCE
Performance for all F and G is maximized by maximizing f3 (M)

• f3 (M) : Material Index


• f1 (F) f2(G) : Related to Structural Index

Each combination of function, objective, and constraint leads to a


material index.
EXAMPLE: CALCULATION OF MATERIAL INDEX

Design: cylindrical tie rod


• Given length, ‘l’ carries tensile force, ‘F’ with minimum mass

Objective Function
• Mass (m) = Area (A) * Length (l) * Density (

)

Goal: minimize ‘m’ by varying ‘A’


Constraint: A must be sufficient to carry tensile
load, F
F
 f
A (failure strength)
EXAMPLE: MATERIAL INDEX (CONTINUED )
By eliminating ‘A’ from these equations we obtain
m  F l   f 

The lightest tie which will carry F safely is that made


 smallest
of the material with the f value of

Therefore, the material index can be defined as


M  f 

fora E
A similar calculationM  stiff tie leads to the
light,
index
STRENGTH VS. DENSITY CHART

M.F. Ashby. Materials Selection in Mechanical Design. Pp39 ©1999


STRENGTH VS. MODULUS CHART
OTHER MATERIALS SELECTION CHARTS

Modulus-Relative Cost Facture Toughness-Density


Strength-Relative Cost Conductivity-Diffusivity
Modulus-Strength Expansion-Conductivity
Specific Modulus-Specific
Expansion-Modulus
Strength
Strength-Expansion
Fracture Toughness-
Modulus Strength Temperature
Fracture Toughness-Strength Wear Rate-Hardness
Loss Coefficient-Modulus Environmental Attack Chart
FINAL MATERIAL SELECTION
Selection of Material
• Implementation of Weighting and Rating factors to optimize the
various factors and criteria including
• Function
• Manufacturability
• Cost

Further information can be obtained from the many


reference texts available on material selection

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