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Characteristics of Fuel

This document discusses characteristics of fuels and alternative fuels. It provides details on hydrocarbons like crude oil and gasoline components. It explains octane number and the scale used to measure fuels' resistance to self-ignition. Common alternative fuels discussed include alcohol, hydrogen, and natural gas. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of these alternative fuels compared to traditional gasoline.

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Nur Shazira
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65 views14 pages

Characteristics of Fuel

This document discusses characteristics of fuels and alternative fuels. It provides details on hydrocarbons like crude oil and gasoline components. It explains octane number and the scale used to measure fuels' resistance to self-ignition. Common alternative fuels discussed include alcohol, hydrogen, and natural gas. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of these alternative fuels compared to traditional gasoline.

Uploaded by

Nur Shazira
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KAS 4303 COMBUSTION

GENERATED POLLUTION
FUEL
ALTERNATIVE FUEL
CHARACTERISTICS OF FUEL

 Hydrocarbons ( HCs ) are any molecules that just contain hydrogen and
carbon, both of which are fuel molecules that can be burnt ( oxidized ) to
form water ( H2O ) or carbon dioxide ( CO2 ). If the combustion is not
complete, carbon monoxide ( CO ) may be formed. As CO can be burnt
to produce CO2.
 First crude oil discovered in Pennsylvania in 1859
 Crude oil is made up almost entirely from carbon and hydrogen with
some traces of other species
 It varies 83-87% carbon and 11-14% hydrogen
 One test of a crude oil identified over 25,000 different HC compounds
OCTANE NUMBER

 It is a number refers to the efficiency of the ignition of the gasoline as a fuel engine
 Self-ignition temperature (SIT) – self-ignite without the need of spark plug
 Not desirable in SI engine, but desirable in CI engine
 Compression ratio is limited to 11:0 in SI engine
 Above SIT – knock/ping occurs – high pressure pulse-damage the engine
 Octane number – fuel property for self-ignite
 Determined by specific engine test at specific engine condition
 Isooctane (ON=100) and n-heptane (ON= 0)
 The higher the number, the less likely to self-ignite
 Research Octane Number: is determined by running the fuel in a test engine with a
variable compression ratio under controlled conditions, and comparing these results
with those for mixtures of iso-octane and n- heptane.
 Motor Octane Number : the aviation lean octane rating, which is a better
measure of how the fuel behaves when under load. MON testing uses a
similar test engine to that used in RON testing, but with a preheated fuel
mixture, a higher engine speed, and variable ignition timing to further
stress the fuel's knock resistance. A measure of resistance to self-ignition
(knocking) of a gasoline under laboratory conditions which correlate with
road performance during highway driving conditions
 Depending on the composition of the fuel, the MON of a modern gasoline
will be about 8 to 10 points lower than the RON. Normally fuel
specifications require both a minimum RON and a minimum MON.

 Anti-Knock Index (AKI) : (MON+RON)/2


 Common octane numbers (anti-knock index) for gasoline range from 87-
95
 Higher for special-high performance and racing engines
 Reciprocating SI aircraft engines usually use low-lead fuels with octane
numbers 85-100
FUEL REFINERY

 Automobile gasoline  Lubrication oil


 Diesel fuel  Asphalt
 Aircraft gasoline  Alcohol
 Jet fuel  Rubber
 Home heating fuel  Paint
 Industrial heating fuel  Plastics
 Natural gas  explosives
HC FAMILY - GASOLINE

 PARAFFINS/ALKANES CnH2n+2 – METHANE, PROPANE, BUTANE


 OLEFINS CnH2n - ETHENE, BUTANE-1
 AROMATICS – BENZENE CnHn – GOOD GASOLINE FUEL COMPONENTS BUT
BAD FOR CI ENGINE AND HIGH EXHAUST POLLUTION
 ALCOHOL – SIMILAR TO PARAFFINS WITH ONE HYDROGEN ATOM
REPLACED WITH HYDROXYL RADICAL OH
ALTERNATIVE FUEL

 WHY WE OPT FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL?


 CRUDE OIL WILL BECOME VERY SCARCE AND
COSTLY
 INCREASE IN NUMBER OF VEHICLES
 EMISSION PROBLEM OF GASOLINE ENGINES
 CRUDE OIL MUST BE IMPORTED FROM OTHER
COUNTRIES
ALCOHOL

 ADVANTAGES
 CAN BE OBTAINED FROM NATURAL AND MANUFACTURED SOURCES
 HIGH OCTANE FUEL WITH ANTI-KNOCK INDEX NUMBER
 LOWER EMISSION COMPARED TO GASOLINE
 WHEN BURNED, IT FORMS MORE MOLES OF EXHAUST WHICH GIVES HIGHER
PRESSURE AND MORE POWER IN THE EXPANSION STROKE
 LOW SULFUR CONTENT
ALCOHOL

 DISADVANTAGES
 LOW ENERGY CONTENT
 MORE ALDEHYDES EMISSION – A SERIOUS EXHAUST POLLUTION PROBLE,
 MORE CORROSIVE THAN GASOLINE ON COPPER, BRASS, ALUMINIUM,
PLASTICS
 LOW VAPOR PRESSURE AND EVAPORATION – POOR COLD WEATHER STARTING
 POOR IGNITION CHARACTERISTICS
 ALMOST INVISIBLE FLAMES
 DANGER OF STORAGE TANK FLAMMIBILITY DUE TO LOW VAPOR PRESSURE
 OFFENSIVE ODOR
 MIXES WITH WATER – CONTAMINATE WITH GROUNDWATER
HYDROGEN

 ADVANTAGE
 HIGH OCTANE NUMBER
 LOW EMISSIONS, NO CO, CO2 OR HC EMISSIONS
 ELIMINATE THE NEED FOR CATALYTIC CONVERTER
 FUEL AVAILABILITY – NATURAL GAS AND ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER
 FUEL LEAKAGE IS NOT A POLLUTANT
HYDROGEN

 DISADVANTAGES
 HEAVY, BULKY FUEL STORAGE
 DIFFICULT TO REFUEL
 HIGH FUEL COST
 FUEL CAN DETONATE
NATURAL GAS - METHANE

 ADVANTAGES
 HIGH OCTANE NUMBER (120) GOOD FOR GASOLINE
 LOW ENGINE CO2 EMISSION
 FUEL IS ABUNDANT

 DISADVANTAGES
 LOW ENERGY DENSITY – LOW ENGINE PERFORMANCE
 LOW ENGINE VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY – GASEOUS FUEL
 LARGE PRESSURIZED FUEL STORAGE TANK
 INCONSISTENT FUEL PROPERTIS
 SLOW REFUELING PROCESS
Other Fuels

 Propane-butane mixtures
 Reformulated gasoline
 Coal-water slurry
 CI fuel from wood, barlet, soybeans, rapeseed, cottonseed, corn pile

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