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GIS Notes

An geographic information system (GIS) is an organized collection of hardware, software, and geographic data designed to capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze and display geographically referenced information. A GIS uses spatial data like vectors and rasters to represent geographic features that can be linked to attribute data describing characteristics of those features. Spatial data in a GIS can take the form of points, lines, polygons to represent real-world objects like trees, roads, and lakes. Attribute data linked to these features can include information like the height, diameter, and species of a tree. A GIS allows users to interact with digital maps and spatial data to perform tasks like digitization, spatial analysis, and network analysis for applications such as

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165 views

GIS Notes

An geographic information system (GIS) is an organized collection of hardware, software, and geographic data designed to capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze and display geographically referenced information. A GIS uses spatial data like vectors and rasters to represent geographic features that can be linked to attribute data describing characteristics of those features. Spatial data in a GIS can take the form of points, lines, polygons to represent real-world objects like trees, roads, and lakes. Attribute data linked to these features can include information like the height, diameter, and species of a tree. A GIS allows users to interact with digital maps and spatial data to perform tasks like digitization, spatial analysis, and network analysis for applications such as

Uploaded by

VISHWANATH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GEOGRAPHIC

INFORMATION SYSTEM

An organized collection of computer hardware,


software, Geographical data and personnel
designed to efficiently capture, store, update,
manipulate, analyze & display all forms of
Geographically referenced information
HARDWARE COMPONENTS
Raster
SPATIAL DATA
Vector

DATA MODEL AND STRUCTURE

RASTER MODEL VECTOR MODEL


VECTOR & RASTER
VECTOR GIS RASTER GIS

Comprises of Points, Comprises of array of


Lines, Polygones, Text Pixels in the form of Rows
alongwith their respective & columns
attributes
Point Features
Spatially distributed entities, activities or
events
• Points have a single geographic coordinate
such as:
– Tree
– Traffic accident
– Lamp post
Line Features
Spatially distributed entities, activities or
events
• Lines (Arcs) are a series of geographic
coordinates joined to form a line such as:
– Road
– Stream
– Railway
Area Features
Spatially distributed entities, activities or
events
• Areas (Polygons) are a series of geographic
coordinates joined together to form a
boundary such as:
– Lake
– Soil types
Spatial Resolution
How GIS functions based on interaction between Digital Map Database & Computerized Tabular Data
Attribute data
Attributes can be numeric or text data that
is assigned to a point, line or area spatial
features
Example Attributes…
Stand ID, Compartment no,Vegetation
type, Name of the Forest Block,Type of
Road,VSS code etc.,
Attributes
Description or characteristic of a feature
• Possible attributes for the feature Tree
– Height
– Diameter
– Species
– Condition
– Age
Attribute Values
The value given to an attribute
• Possible values for the attributes of a Tree
feature
– Height = 15m
– Diameter = 0.75m
– Species = Oak
– Condition = Good
– Age = 8 years
In the vector data model , the objects are described as points , lines , or areas (polygons).
These 3 geometric phenomena may be described individually by a single point in a co-ordinate
System and with connected lines ( for lines and areas) . Therefore, each object comprises
one or more sets of co-ordinate.
RESULTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BARREN LAND
Raster Data Model
Only one attribute value can be assigned to each cell.
Data stored as theme layers in the computer linked to a common geo-referencing system.
Run length encoding for data compaction
Quad tree compaction
Raster to vector conversion -Vectorisation
Raster –Vector Comparison
Topology Model
DIGITISATION OFMAP
Shiwalik hills, Dehra Dun
DELINEATED
WATERSHED
w ater_conservation_sites
POUR_POINTS
Grade Result Layer
Aspect Result Layer
w atershed_nonpartitioned
Segmentation_Netw ork_V4
Segmentation Netw ork
w atershed
Drainage Netw ork
Flow Accumulation_final
Flow Direction_final
Contour_S
Nala_L
Nala_S
River_L
River_S
Road_Main
Road_Sub
Water_Log
Area_Drain
DEM
google_image1
w ater_conservation_sites
POUR_POINTS
Grade Result Layer
Aspect Result Layer
w atershed_nonpartitioned
Segmentation_Netw ork_V4
Segmentation Netw ork
w atershed
Drainage Netw ork
Flow Accumulation_final
Flow Direction_final
Contour_S
Nala_L
Nala_S
River_L
River_S
Road_Main
Road_Sub
Water_Log
Area_Drain
DEM
google_image1
ROAD NETWORK OVERLAYED ON
DEM
Colour Composite Images
In displaying a colour composite image,
three primary colours (red, green and blue)
are used.
Turbidity map of Thane creek: NTU method

Picture/graph
Total Suspended Solids(TSS) in Thane creek: Chromaticity
Technique

Picture/graph
SST in Thane creek using Landsat Thermal band data

Picture/graph
DEM – Surfaces generated by mathematical eqn

Equn of a line
Linear eqn

Equn of a parabola
Quadratic Eqn
DTM WILL APPEAR ON THE SCREEN(TIN MODEL)
False Colour True colour
Malpa
Landslide
NETWORK EDGE ANALYSIS
Optimizing the shortest path from the start to end point based upon the link
impedance assigned depending upon the existing constraints on the ground.
Network analysis along with CPM activity chart/milestone chart can give
the Disaster planner an assessment about the supply and demand of
resources at various stages of the Disaster Management program that can
lead to easement of resources.

SHORTEST ROUTE USING


DJIKTRA’s ALGORITHM
LEAST COST CORRIDOR FOR RESOURCE
MOVEMENT
THE CORRIDOR

NEW ROAD
LINE
END OF LECTURE

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