Lines and Planes in Space

• Suppose L is a line in space passing

through a point P0(x0, y0, z0) parallel to a
vector v = Ai + Bj + Ck.
P0(x0, y0, z0)
• Then L is the set of all points P(x,y,z) for L
which is parallel
P0to
P v. That is , P P(x, y, z)
lies on L iff is a scalar multiple
 of v.
P0 P
v
• Thus vector equation of a line through
P0(x0, y0, z0) parallel to v


P0 P  t v   t  
• (x-x0)i + (y-y0)j + (z-z0)k = t (Ai + Bj + Ck)
• (x-x0) = tA, (y-y0) = tB, (z-z0) = tC
• Standard parameterization of the line through P0(x0, y0,
z0) parallel to v = Ai + Bj + Ck
• x = x0 + tA, y = y0 + tB, z = z0 + tC
• Find parametric equation of a line passing through (-
2,0,4) and parallel to v = 2i + 4j – 2k
• x = -2 + 2t, y = 4t, z = 4 – 2t
• Find parametric equation of a line passing through P(-
3,2,-3) and Q(1,-1,4)
•  = 4i-3j+7k
PQ
• x = -3 + 4t, y = 2-3t, z = -3 + 7t
• To parameterize the line segment 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
• Distance from a point S to a line in Space that
passes through a point P parallel to a vector v
 S
PS  v
d |PS| sin 
v
L


• Find the distance from the point v
P
• S(1,1,5) to the line L: x = 1+ t, y = 3-t, z = 2t
L passes through P(1,3,0) parallel to v = i-j+2k.

PS  2 j  5k

i j k PS  v
 30
PS  v  0 2 5  i  5 j  2k d   5
v 6
1 1 2
 Equations for Planes in space
• Suppose plane M passes through a point P0(x0, y0, z0)
and is normal (perpendicular) to the nonzero vector
n = Ai + Bj + Ck. Then M is  the set of all points
P(x,y,z) for which is orthogonal
P0 P to n.

• That is, P lies on M iff n . P0 P = 0
• (Ai + Bj + Ck).[ (x-x0)i + (y-y0)j + (z-z0)k ] = 0
• A(x-x0) + B(y-y0) + (z-z0)C = 0.
• Find an equation for the plane through P0(-3, 0, 7)
perpendicular to n = 5i + 2j – k.
• 5(x+3) + 2(y) -1(z-7) = 0.
• 5x + 2y - z = -22
• Ai + Bj + Ck is normal to the plane Ax + By + Cz = D
• Find the point where the line x = 8/3 +2t, y =
-2t, z = 1+t intersects the plane 3x + 2y + 6z
= 6.
• The point lies in the plane if its coordinates
satisfy the equation of the plane
• 3(8/3 +2t )+ 2(-2t) + 6(1+t) = 6.
• t = -1
• Point of intersection (2/3,2,0)
• Find the angle between the planes 3x-6y-2z = 15
and 2x + y – 2z = 5
• Angle between normal to planes

1  n1 .n2 
  cos  
 | n1 || n2 | 
 Calculus of Vectors

We shall consider vectors which are functions of one, two or

three variables.

In general if a vector is variable both its magnitude and

direction vary.

A constant vector is that in which both magnitude and

direction are constant. Example are unit basic vectors.
Differentiation:

Let U (t ) be a vector depending on variable t.
Then derivative at t = t0 is defined if
 
U (t   t )  U (t )
lim
 t 0 t
exists.
 
dU (t ) dU 
Derivative denoted by U
dt dt
Derivative of constant vector is null vector.
The following results can be proved from definition.
  
 
d   dU dV d  dU df 
(U  V )   f (t )U (t )  f (t )  U (t )
dt dt dt dt dt dt
 
 
d    dV dU
U (t ) V (t )  U (t )   V (t )
dt dt dt
 
 
d    dV dU 
U (t ) V (t )  U (t )    V (t )
dt dt dt
A vector can be expressed as product of its magnitude and unit
vector parallel to the vector.
Therefore  

U (t )
U (t )  U (t ) uˆ (t )  U (t )uˆ (t ) where uˆ (t ) 
U (t )
Differentiating we get

dU (t ) dU (t ) duˆ (t )
 uˆ (t )  U (t )
dt dt dt
duˆ (t )
Now if direction of vector does not change with t, then 0
dt

dU (t ) dU (t )
  uˆ (t )
dt dt
Hence, if direction of a vector does not change then direction of
the derivative is same as the vector.
Converse is also true.
Derivative of Position Vector

The position vector of the point P(x, y, z) is r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ
Let the coordinates be functions of variable t.
For example position vector gives the position of a moving
particle at time t.
Differentiating with respect to t, we get

dr dx ˆ dy ˆ dz ˆ
 i j k
dt dt dt dt
which represents rate of change of position. Hence the velocity of
the moving particle at time t.
We write 
 dr dx ˆ dy ˆ dz ˆ
v  i j k
dt dt dt dt
dx dy dz
, , are components of velocity along x, y and z directions
dt dt dt
respectively.
Differentiating again we get acceleration and its components.
Geometrical Interpretation of Derivative of Position Vector
As the point moves in space or on a surface, its path is a curve in
space or on a given surface.
Let at time t and t+δt (δt > 0 and small) the position be given on
the path by the points P and Q as shown in figure.
Then   Q
 
OP  r (t ) OQ  r (t   t )
   
PQ  r (t   t )  r (t )   r (t ) P

    O
dr (t ) r (t   t )  r (t )  r (t )
Now  lim  lim
dt  t 0 t  t 0  t

As δt → 0, Q coincides with P.

Therefore in the limiting position vector PQ lies along the tangent
at P directed

in the increasing direction of t.
dr (t )
Hence is tangent to the curve its direction is same in which
dt
the point moves with increase in t.
Example:
Find the tangent vector to the curve whose parametric
representation is x  2t , y  t , z  3t at t  2
2 3

Solution: Position vector of the point P(x, y, z) on the curve is


r (t )  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ  2t 2iˆ  tjˆ  3t 3kˆ
Differentiating with respect to t

dr
 4t iˆ  ˆj  9t 2kˆ
dt
At t = 2, the point on the curve has the position vector and tangent
vector respectively are 
dr

r (2)  8iˆ  2 ˆj  24kˆ  8iˆ  ˆj  36kˆ
dt t 2
Partial Derivatives and Vectors
In general the position vector of a point in space is considered a
function of three variables which are the coordinates of the point.

i.e. r ( x, y, z )  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ
Then we can obtain partial derivatives, if the exist as
  
r ˆ r r
 i  ˆj  kˆ
x y z

Also we can obtain the total derivative d r  dx iˆ  dy ˆj  dz kˆ
Definition:
A function f(x,y,z) is called Scalar Point function if it associates a
scalar with every point in space.
The temperature distribution in a heated body.
A function F(x,y,z) is called Vector Point function if it defines a
vector at every point in region. The velocity of a moving fluid.
Consider a function f(x, y, z) where (x, y, z) are coordinates of a
point in space.
Its total derivative is f f f
df  dx  dy  dz
x y z
This has a form of scalar product of two vectors and we write
 ˆ f ˆj f  kˆ f   idx
df   i
 x

y z 
 ˆ
ˆ  ˆjdy  kdz 
 ˆ f ˆj f  kˆ f   d r
 i 
 x y z 

Definition:
The vector  iˆ f  ˆj f  kˆ f    iˆ   ˆj   kˆ   f
 x y z   x y z 
is known as Gradient of f .
It is denoted by grad f or f
   
  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , read as DEL behaves like a vector.
x y z
It is a vector differential operator.
It differentiates the function following it.
We have from definition
f ˆj f  kˆ f
f  iˆ 
x y z
Partial derivatives by taking the scalar product with basic vectors
f f ˆ f
f  iˆ  f  ˆj  f  k 
x y z
Normal to a Surface:
A level surface is defined as the set of points in space at which the
given function f(x, y, z) has the same value.

Thus the equation f(x, y, z) = c defines a level surface.

Taking total derivative of the equation of the level surface we get

df = 0

f f f 
dx  dy  dz  0 f  d r  0
x y z

Therefore two vectors are orthogonal.


Since d r is tangent to the surface, therefore grad f  f is normal
(perpendicular) to the surface.
Directional Derivative

The directional derivative of a function is the scalar product of grad f

and unit vector in that direction.

If s is a measure of distance in a given direction and â is a unit

vector in this direction, then
f
f  aˆ 
s
Pr operties of directional derivative
f .u  f u cos   f cos 

  0  cos  1
 f .u  f u cos 0  f cos 0
 f

 ,
f .u  f u cos   f cos    f


2
 
f .u  f u cos  f cos  0.
2 2
Example:
Find the directional derivative of f(x,y,z) = x3 – xy2 – z at P0(1,1,0) in
the direction of the vector 2i -3j +6k.
In what direction does f changes most rapidly at P0, and what are the
rates of change in these directions?

f  2i  2 j  k 2i  3 j  6k
(1,1, 0 ) uˆ 
7
4
f (1,1,0 ) . u 
7
The function increases rapidly in the direction of f and decreases
most rapidly in the direction of -f. The rate of change in the
directions are
f  3 and   f  3
Example: Find the normal vector and the unit normal vector to the surface
x2 + 2 y2 + z2 = 4 at (1, 1, 1). Also find the equation of tangent plane at this
point.
Solution: Here the equation of surface is x2 + 2 y2 + z2 = 4.
Therefore f = x2 + 2 y2 + z2
The vector normal to the surface is given by
f f ˆ f ˆ
f  iˆ  j k  2 x iˆ  4 y ˆj  2 z kˆ
x y z
Unit normal is 2 ˆ  4 ˆj  2 kˆ
i 2 iˆ  4 ˆj  2 kˆ
Nˆ  
4  16  4 24

Equation of the tangent plane at the point aˆ  (1,1,1) is

  
 r  aˆ   N  0 where N is normal to the plane at aˆ.
Normal to the tangent plane at this point is same as normal to the

surface  N   f   2 iˆ  4 ˆj  2 kˆ
(1,1,1)
Hence equation of the tangent plane is
2( x  1)  4( y  1)  2( z  1)  0 2x  4 y  2z  8  0
Del applied to vector functions:
Consider a vector point function

F ( x, y, z )  F1 ( x, y, z )iˆ  F2 ( x, y, z ) ˆj  F3 ( x, y, z )kˆ
Then its divergence is defined by the scalar product
   F F F

 

 F ( x, y, z )   iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  . F1iˆ  F2 ˆj  F3kˆ  1  2  3
 x y z  x y z

It is denoted by div F
If the vector point function represents velocity of fluid at a point P then
divergence represents the rate at which the fluid originates at that point.
If the vector point function represents the displacement at point P of a
deformable body then divergence represents the rate at which the volume
changes at that point.
A vector point function whose divergence vanishes is called Solenoidal
vector function.
The vector product
iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
 F ˆ F ˆ F   
 F ( x, y, z )  iˆ   j k 
x y z x y z
F1 F2 F3
defines the Curl of the vector point function.

It is denoted by curl F

 ˆ  ˆ 
ˆ
i  j k grad f  f
x y z

   
div F    F curl F    F
 
If the vector point function V represents the velocity of any particle

of a system which is rotating with constant angular velocity  then
   
V r 
curlV  2

Any motion in which curlV  0 is said to be irrotational.

  V    (  r )   1i  2 j  3k r  xi  yj  zk

i j k
  2 z  3 y  i   1 z  3 x  j   1 y  2 x  k
 1 2 3
x y z

i j k
    2(1i  2 j  3k )  2

x y z
2 z  3 y 3 x  1 z 1 y  2 x
   
If F  grad ( x  y  z  3xyz ) , find div F and curl F
3 3 3
Example:

Solution: F  grad ( x 3  y 3  z 3  3 xyz )
ˆ  ˆ  ˆ   3
 i  j  k  ( x  y 3  z 3  3xyz )
 x y z 
 iˆ(3x 2  3 yz )  ˆj (3 y 2  3xz )  kˆ(3 z 2  3 xy )
 F F F   
divF  1
 2
 3
 (3x  3 yz )  (3 y  3xz )  (3z 2  3xy )
2 2

x y z x y z
 6x  6 y  6z
iˆ ˆj kˆ iˆ ˆj kˆ
      
curl F   = 0
x y z x y z
F1 F2 F3 3 x 2  3 yz 3 y 2  3 xz 3z 2  3xy
Example: Show that divergence of position vector is 3, and curl of
position vector is zero.
Del operator applied to products:
 
Let f, g be scalar point functions and F , G vector point functions.
Then following identities hold:
(1) ( fg )  f g  gf
  
(2)   ( f G )  f   G  G f
  
(3)   ( f G )  f   G  G  f
       
         
(4) ( F  G )  F  G  G  F  F    G  G    F

   
     
(5)   ( F  G )  G    F  F .   G

       
         
(6)   ( F  G )  F   G  G   F  G  F  F  G
        
         
Prove that   ( F  G )  F   G  G   F  G   F  F   G

Proof:
   
   ( F  G )    G   F  
  ( F  G )   iˆ    iˆ   F     iˆ   G
x  x   x 
   
 G        F 
   
  G  F
   iˆ   F  iˆ  F     iˆ.G   iˆ. G
 x  x   x  x  
 
  G               F  
   iˆ   F   F  iˆ  G     G. iˆ  F   iˆ. G
 x   x    x   x  
 
  G          
      F  
   iˆ   F   F   iˆ  G    G. iˆ  F    iˆ. G
 x   x    x   x  

       
       
 F   G  G   F  G  F  F  G
Del applied twice to point functions:

  f   2
f  2
f  2
f
div grad f    (f )   iˆ    iˆ       2
f
x  x  x 2
y 2
z 2

curl grad f    (f )  0

 
div curl F    (  F )  0
     
curl curl F  gard div F   F2
  (  F )   (  F )   F
2

Example: Show that  2 r n  n(n  1)r n2 , r  x 2  y 2  z 2 .

Solution:
 n  2 n
n 2 n
1
n2
r  ( x  y  z )  ( x  y 2  z 2 ) 2 2 x  n( x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2 x  nxr n2
2 2 2

x x 2
2 n   n2 n2 2 n4
r  nxr n2
 nr n2
 nx r  nr  n ( n  2) x r
x 2
x x
 Vector Integral Calculus

• Vector integral calculus extends the concepts of

integral calculus to vector functions.
 Line Integral
• Let C be any continuous curve defined
from A to B. Divide C into n parts P0,P1,
….,Pn and put Pk = Pk – Pk-1. Then the
n
limit of sum Pn=B
f (  ) P
k k
k 1 C Pn-1

as n   and each Pk  0, if it exists, is A=P0 P1

known as the line integral of f along C from
A to B. It is denoted by
 f ( x, y,z )ds
C

 In case C is a closed curve then this integral is  f ( x, y,z )ds

C
 Line Integral:   
Consider a continuous vector point function F (r )  F ( x, y, z )
defined at every point
of a curve C.
The line integral of F along the curve C defined as
   d r
 F d r Or  F  dt dt Or  ( F1 dx  F2 dy  F3 dz )
C C C
Since there can be infinitely many curves joining two points and
each is of different length, therefore we conclude:
The line integral depends on the curve.
Applications of Line Integral
The line integral defines the work done by a force F in moving
(displacing) a particle along the curve C from point P1 to point P2
as P2 

Work Done   F d r
P1
If the vector point function represents the velocity of fluid then
the line integral gives Flow along the curve.
The line integral in this case is called Flow integral.
If curve C is closed (example a circle or ellipse) then flow is
called circulation.  
 F  d r
C
 Independence of path; conservative field and scalar potential

If F  f then the line integral is independent of path joining P1
to P2. P2
P2
  P2  f f f
P2
 P x y z dz
    df
P1
F .d r   f .d r
P1 1
dx dy
P1

 f ( P2 )  f ( P1 )
Thus the line integral depends only on the end points P1 and P2
and not on the path joining them.
 
When F  f ,then   F    f  0

F is called a conservative force field and f is called its scalar potential.
• Result 1: The work done in a conservative force field in
moving a particle from P1 to P2 is independent of path joining
P1 and P2 In such cases a scalar potential f exists such that
force field =f and work done = f(P2)-f(P1).
 
• Result 2: In a conservative field F  F  d r  0
C

along any closed curve C.


It is independent of curve if and only if the vector F is irrotational.
 
Vector F is irrotational if and only if curl F  0
Now we have the following:
The line integral along the curve C
   d r
 F  d r =  F  dt dt   ( F1 dx  F2 dy  F3 dz )
C C C
in general depends on curve (or path) C.

It is independent of curve if and only if the vector F is irrotational.
 
Vector F is irrotational if and only if curl F  0
Which of the following line integrals are independent of path?

 (2 z dx  x dy  ydz )  (3 y dx  3x dy  2 z dz )
C C


2 2
( xy dx  x y dz )
 (3z
2
dx  6 xz dz )
C
C
   
Example: Calculate  F d r where F  xy iˆ  x 2 y 2 ˆj
C

and C is the quarter circle with centre at (0, 0) from

(2,0) to (0, 2).
Solution:    ( xy dx  x 2 y 2 dy )
 F d r  C
C
2 2
Curve C is part of the circle x  y  4 form (2, 0) to (0,2).
Therefore y  4  x2 (0, 2)

2 x dx  2 y dy  0
(2, 0)
x x
dy   dx   dx
y 4  x2
and x varies from 0 to 2.
 2


   x 
 F d r  2 2 2
 x 4  x dx  x (4  x )(
 2
dx ) 

C  4  x 
0
2

  x 4  x 2 dx  x3 (4  x 2 ) dx 
0
8

5
Example: Calculate  (3 y dx  3x dy  2 z dz ) where C
C

is a path from (0, 0, 0) to (4, 1, 2).

Solution: (4,1, 2) (4,1, 2)

 
 (3 y dx  3 x dy  2 z dz )   F . dr
(0,0,0) (0,0,0)

 iˆ ˆj kˆ
F  3 y iˆ  3x ˆj  2 z kˆ    
curl F  =0
x y z
3y 3x 2z
Therefore line integral is independent of the path.
We choose the path along the straight line from (0, 0, 0) to (4, 1, 2).
The equation of the line is
x0 y0 z0 . P(4, 1, 2)
 
4  0 1 0 2  0
O(0, 0, 0)
x y z
 
4 1 2
Using these equations, we express the line integral in terms of x.
1 1
We have x  4 y, dx  4 dy, z  x, dz  dx
2 2
and x varies from 0 to 4.
Therefore
(4,1, 2)

 (3 y dx  3 x dy  2 z dz )
(0,0,0) 4


 x 1 x 1 
  3[ 4 ] dx  3 x [ 4 dx]  2  2  2 dx 
   
0
4
3 3 x 
  x  x  dx
0 
4 4 2
4
  2x dx
0

24
 x  16
0
 
Example: A fluid velocity field is F  x iˆ  z ˆj  y kˆ . Find
the flow along the helix

r (t )  (cos t ) iˆ  (sin t ) ˆj  t kˆ, 0  t   .
Solution: On the curve

F  x iˆ  z ˆj  y kˆ  (cos t ) iˆ  t ˆj  (sin t ) kˆ

dr
 ( sin t ) iˆ  (cos t ) ˆj  kˆ
dt
 d r
F   cos t sin t  t cos t  sin t
dt
 d r 
Flow   F  dt   [ cos t sin t  t cos t  sin t ]dt  0
C
dt 0
 
Example: Find the circulation of the field F  ( x  y ) iˆ  x ˆj .
Around the circle

r (t )  (cos t ) iˆ  (sin t ) ˆj , 0  t  2 .
Solution: On the circle

F  ( x  y ) iˆ  xjˆ  (cos t  sin t ) iˆ  (cos t ) ˆj

dr
 ( sin t ) iˆ  (cos t ) ˆj
 dt
 d r
F  (cos t  sin t ) sin t  cos 2 t   cos t sin t  1
dt 2
 d r
Circulation   F  dt   [1  cos t sin t ]dt
C
dt 0
2 2
cos t  1  1
 t   2     0    2
2  2  2
0
 Questions

1. Prove that the vector f (r ) r is irrotational.
2. If uF  v, where u and v are scalar fields and F is a
vector field. Show that F . curl F = 0.
 r
3. Show that the vector field F  3 is irrotational as
r
well as solenoidal. Find scalar potential.

4. If F  (2 x  y ) i  (3 y  x) j . Evaluate the line integral over
the curve C in the x-y plane consisting of straight line
from (0.0) t0 (2,0) and then to (3,2).
5. Evaluate  y 3i  x 3 j , where C is boundary of square
 (x
C
2
y )
2 2
dr

x = a, x = -a, y = a, y = -a in the counterclockwise

direction.
 Work Done by a force

• Let F represents the force acting on a particle moving
along an arc AB. The
 
work done during a small
displacement  R is F  R .


• The total work done by F during displacement from A
B 
to B = 

 F .d R
A

• If the force F is conservative, then there exists a scalar
function  
such that F  
• Then W.D. =  B   A
• Thus, in a conservative field, the W.D. depends on the
value of  at the endpoints A and B.
 Example
• Show that
V   2 xy  z  i  x j  3 xz K
   
3 2 2

is a conservative field. Find its scalar potential. Find

the Work Done by the force V in moving a particle
from (1,-2,1) to (3,1,4).
Green' sTheorem( For a plane)
If R is a closed region in x-y plane bounded by simple
closed curve C and if M(x,y) and N(x,y) are continuous
functions of x and y having continous derivatives in R,
 N M 
then   Mdx  Ndy       dxdy
C R 
x y 
where C is traversed in the positive direction.
Pr oof . Let the curve C be divided into two curves
C 1 ( ABC) & C 2 (CDA ).

d D y  y 2 ( x)

A
C
c y  y 1 (x)
B
a b

x b  y  y2 ( x ) 
M   M  dx
 y dxdy     y  dy
R x  a  y  y1 ( x ) 
 b y2 ( x )

   M ( x , y ) dx
a y1 ( x )
b
   M ( x , y2 )  M ( x , y1 ) dx
a
a b
   M ( x , y2 )dx   M ( x , y1 )dx
b a

a b 
    M ( x , y2 )dx   M ( x , y1 )dx 
 b a 
  
    M ( x , y )dx   M ( x , y )dx 
C 
 2 C 1 

  M ( x , y )dx
C

Thus
M
 M ( x , y )dx   
 y
dxdy
C R
 Similarly , we have
N
 Ndy   x dxdy
C R

Combining

 N M 
 (Mdx  Ndy)   
x
  dxdy
y 
C R 
Vector form of Green's theorem

F  M i  N j ,r  xi  y j ,

F .dr  Mdx  Ndy

i j k
    N M 
F    k
x y z  x y 
M N 0

 F .dr      F  .kdR where dR  dxdy

C R
 
Using Green' s theorem evaluate  x 2 ydx  x 2 dy
C

where C is the boundary described counter clockwise
of the triangle with vertices (0,0), (1,0), (1,1).

 N M 
 (Mdx  Ndy)   
x
  dxdy
y 
C R 

 
x 2 ydx  x 2 dy   ( 2 x  x 2 )dxdy
C R
1 x 1

 ( 2x  x )dx  5 / 12
2 3
 ( 2 x  x )dx  dy
2

0 0 0
A vector field F is given by F  sin yi  x( 1  cos y ) j
Evaluate the line integral  F .d r where C is the circular path
C

given by x 2  y 2  a 2

F  sin yi  x( 1  cos y ) j
 N  M 
 F .d r    x  y dxdy
C S

 
S
 cos y  1  cos y  dxdy   dxdy   a2
S
 Question
1. Evaluate by Green’s Theorem


x x
e sin ydx  e cos ydy
C

where C is the rectangle with vertices

(0,0), ( ,0), ( ,  / 2), (0,  / 2)

and hence verify Green’s Theorem

Ans. 2(e  1)
 Surface Integral

Let F (P ) be a vector point function and S be the given
surface. 
n

P S
ds
ds
Surface integral of a vector function F over the surface
S is defined as the integral of the component of F along
the normal to the surface.

 
  F .nˆ ds
S

gradf
nˆ 
gradf
 Cont…

• The surface element d S surrounding any
point P can be regarded as a vector whose
magnitude is area dS and the direction that of

the outward drawn normal n , i.e.
 
d S  n dS

• Thus the surface integral may alternatively written

as
 

 F .d S
S
 Note
• In order to evaluate the surface integrals, it
is convenient to express them as double
integrals taken over the orthogonal
projection of S on one of the coordinate
planes.
 Z
F n̂
S ds

o
X
dx
R dy

Y
Let R be the orthgonal projection of S on
xy - plane.
The direction cosines of a vector are the
cosines of the angles between the vector
and the three coordinate axes.
Let n̂  cos  i  cos  j  cos  k
where cos  , cos  , cos  are the direction cos ines of n̂
dxdy  projection of dS on the xy - plane
 dS cos nˆ.k  cos 
dxdy dxdy
 dS  dS 
cos  nˆ.k
  
Flux   F.nˆ ds where F represents the velocity of a liquid.
S

If   F.nˆ  ds  0, then F is said to be a solenoid vector point function.

S

Example
3
Show that  F.nds  , where F  4 xzi  y j  yz k
ˆ 2

S
2
and S is the surface of the cube bounded by the planes,
x  0, x  1, y  0, y  1, z  0, z  1.
Solution .
 F .n̂ds   F .n̂ds   F .n̂ds   F .n̂ds  ............
S OABC DEFG OAFG

G D

F E

O C Y

A B

X
• Surface Outward Normal ds Eq. of Surface
• OABC -k dxdy z=0
• DEFG k dxdy z=1
• OAFG -j dxdz y=0
• BCDE j dxdz y=1
• ABEF i dydz x=1
• OCDG -i dydz x=0
  F .nˆds    4 xzi  y  
j  yz k  k dxdy
2

OABC OABC
1 1
    yzdxdy =0 (as z = 0)
0 0

 F .nˆds    4 xzi  y  
j  yz k k dxdy
2

DEFG OABC
1 1 1 1
1
   yzdxdy    y (1)dxdy 
0 0 0 0
2

   
4xzi  y 2 j  yzk  j dxdz = 0
OAFG
 11

  4xzi  y   j  dxdz     y dxdz

2 2
j  yzk
BCDE 00
= -1 (as y = 1)

  4xzi  y  
2 11
j  yzk i dydz
ABEF
   4xzdydz
00
11
   4( 1 )zdydz 2
00

  4xzi  y 2 j  yzk i dydz   =0

OCDG
3
 F .nds
ˆ  0 1/ 2 0 1 2 0 
2
S
 Question
• Evaluate  

 A. n dS ,
S

A   x  y  i  2 x j  2 yz k
   
where 2

and S is the surface of the plane 2x  y  2z  6

in the first octant.
Ans. 81
 Stoke’s Theorem
(Relation between line integral and surface integral)

Surface integral of the component of curl F along the

normal to the surface S, taken over the surface S bounded
by curve C is equal to the line integral of the vector point
function F taken along the closed curve C.

 F .dr   curlF .nds

S

where n  cos  i  cos  j  cos  k is a unit external

normal to any surface ds,
 Z 
K n̂

ds
S

o
X
dx
R dy
C’
Y
 Proof
Let r  xi  y j  zk
dr  dxi  dy j  dz k

F  F1 i  F2 j  F3 k

 
 F .dr   F1 i  F2 j  F3 k . dxi  dy j  dz k
C

C

 
   i
x
  
  
 j  k   F1 i  F2 j  F3 k . cos  i  cos  j  cos  k ds
y z 
S 
 
 F1 dx  F2 dy  F3 dz  
 F3 F2   F1 F3   F2 F1  
   i     j    k 
S  y z   z x   x y  

 
. i cos   j cos   k cos  ds
  F3 F2   F1 F3   F2 F1  
     cos      cos      cos  ds
S  y z   z x   x y 
 

To prove

 
C
F1 dx  F1   F1  
S  z  cos    y  cos  ds
Let the equation of the surface S be z = g(x,y). The
projection of the surface on x-y plane is region R.

 F ( x, y, z )dx   F ( x, y, g ( x, y))dx
C
1
C
1
 
   F1 ( x, y, g )dxdy
R
y

   g 
    F1 ( x, y , g )  F1 ( x, y , g ) dxdy
R  y z y 
The direction ratios of the normal to the surface z = g(x,y)
are given by

cos  cos  cos 

 
g g 1
 
x y

dxdy  projection of ds on the x - y plane  dscos

 F1  F1 
S  z  cos   y cos  ds
 F1  F1  dxdy
    cos   cos  
S 
z  y  cos 
  F1 cos  F1 
    dxdy
R 
z cos  y 

 F1  g  F1 
       dxdy

R
 z   y   y 

 F1  g  F1 
       dxdy

R
 z 
 y  y 
  F1  F1 
 F1 ( x, y , z )dx     cos   cos  ds
C S 
z  y 

 F2  F2 
 F (x, y , z )dy
C
2
  
S 
x 
 cos  
z
cos  ds


 F3  F3 
 F (x, y , z )dz
C
3
  
S 
 cos  
y  x
cos  ds

 Use Stoke' s theorem to evaluate  V.d r where
C

V  y 2 i  xy j  xz k , & C is the bounding curve of the

hemisphere x 2  y 2  z 2  9, z  0, oriented in the
positive direction

i j k
  
 V    z j  yk
x y z
2
y xy xz
     2
 i


 j  k  x  y 2  z 2 
 f  x y z 
n̂  
f f

2xi  2y j  2z k

4x 2  4y 2  4z 2

xi  y j  z k
xi  y j  z k
 
x y z
2 2 2 3
  v .n̂    xi  y j  z k 
  z j  y k . 
3


 
 2yz

3
n̂.kds  dxdy
 xi  y j  z k 
 .kds  dxdy
 3 
 
3
 ds  dxdy
z
     2yz  3 
   v .n̂ds     dxdy
S  3  z 
   2ydxdy
2 3
    2r sin rdrd
0 0

0
Example

Verify Stoke's thoerem for F   x  y  i   2 x  z  j   y  z  k
for the surface of a triangular lamina with vertices (2,0,0)
(0,3,0)&(0,0,6).
C (0,0,6)

Ans. 21

A (0,3,0)
(2,0,0)
Volume Integral

Let F be a vector point function and volume V

enclosed by a closed surface.

The volume integral   Fdv

V
GAUSS THEOREM OF
DIVERGENCE
RELATION BETWEEN SURFACE
INTEGRAL AND VOLUME
INTEGRAL
 Statement
The surface integral of the normal component of a vector
functionF taken around a closed surface S is equal to
the integral of the divergence of F taken over the volume
V enclosed by the surface S.

Mathematically
 F .n̂ds   div FdV
S V
Use divergence theorem to evaluate  F.ds
S

where F  4xi  2 y 2 j  z 2 k taken over the region bounded

by the cylinder x 2  y 2  4,z  0,z  3.

Z=3

Z=0
X
Y
 Since F 

x


 4x    2y  z
y
2

z

 2
 
 4  4y  2z

  div FdV    4  4y  2z  dxdydz

V V

2 4 x 2 3
     4  4 y  2 z dxdydz  84
 2  4 x 2 0
Verify DivergenceTheorem, where F  4xzi  y 2 j  yzk
and S is the surface of the cube bounded by the planes,
x  0,x  1,y  0,y  1,z  0,z  1.
ˆ  ˆ  ˆ  
.F   i
 x y z 

 j  k  . 4xziˆ  y 2 ˆj  yzkˆ 
 4z  2 y  y  4z  y

  divFdV   ( 4z  y )dxdydz

V V 111
    ( 4z  y )dzdydx  3 / 2
000
Solution .
 F .n̂ds   F .n̂ds   F .n̂ds   F .n̂ds  ............
S OABC DEFG OAFG

G D

F E

O C Y

A B

X
  F .nˆds    4 xzi  y  
j  yz k  k dxdy
2

OABC OABC
1 1
    yzdxdy =0 (as z = 0)
0 0

 F .nˆds    4 xzi  y  
j  yz k k dxdy
2

DEFG OABC
1 1 1 1
1
   yzdxdy    y (1)dxdy 
0 0 0 0
2

   
4xzi  y 2 j  yzk  j dxdz = 0
OAFG
 11

  4xzi  y   j  dxdz     y dxdz

2 2
j  yzk
BCDE 00
= -1 (as y = 1)

  4xzi  y  
2 11
j  yzk i dydz
ABEF
   4xzdydz
00
11
   4( 1 )zdydz 2
00

  4xzi  y 2 j  yzk i dydz   =0

OCDG
3
 F .nds
ˆ  0 1/ 2 0 1 2 0 
2
S