ELEMENTARY

STATISTICS
 8.3
Critical Region in Testing Hypothesis
Level of One Tailed Test Two tailed test
Significance
Left - Tailed Right - Tailed
 Some Terminologies To
Remember
Test Statistic : The statistic is used as a basis for deciding
whether the null hypothesis should be rejected
Rejection Region : The set of values of the test statistic that
leads to rejection of the null hypothesis.
Non – Rejection region : The set of the test statistic that lads
to non – rejection of the null hypothesis
Critical value : The values of the test statistic that separate
the rejection and non – rejection regions.
 8.9 A hypothesis Testing
Procedure
1. Formulate the null and alternative hyphotesis
2. Decide the Level of significance, α.
3. Choose the appropriate test statistic.
4. Establish the critical region.
5. Compute the value of the statistical test.
6. Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
7. Draw a conclusion
 A. Hypothesis means
•  
Where:
z = z- test value
= sampe mean
µ = Population mean
σ = population standard deviation
s = sample standard deviation
n = number of cases greater that or equal to 30
 Probem 1
The treasurer of a certain university claims hat the
mean monthly salary oftheir college professor is Php
21,750 with a standard deviation of Php 6,000. A
researcher takes a random sample of 75 college
professors were found to have a men monthly salary of
Php 19,375. Do the 75 college professors hve the lower
salaries that the rest? Test claim at α = .05 level of
significance.
 Step 1
Formulate the null and alternative hyphotesis
Ho: the mean monthy salary of the college
professors is Php 21,750 ( µ = Php 21,750 )
Ha: The mean monthly salary of the college
professors is lower or less than Php 21,750 . ( µ =
Php 21,750 )
 Step 2

Decide the Level of significance, α.

α = .05
 Step 3
Choose the appropriate test statistic.
One tailed test is used because the Ha is Directional.
 Step 4
Establish the critical region.
The tabular value o critical value af z at 0.05 level of
significance is +- 1.645
 Step 5
•Compute
  the value of the statistical test.
Compute the value of z.
Given: = Php 19,375 µ = Php 21,750 σ = Php 6,000 n =
75
 Step 6
Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
The computed value of z = -3.43 lies under the rejection
region, therefore reject Ho and accept Ha
 Step 7
Draw a conclusion
There is a significant difference between the salaries of
college professors have lower salaries than the rest.
 Problem 2
The mean weight of the baggage carried into an airplane by
individual passengers at Tuguegarao City Airport is 19.8
kilograms. A statistician takes the random sample of 110
passengers and obtain a sample mean weight of 18.5 with
the standard deviation f 8.5 kilograms. Test the claim at α =
.01 level of significance.
 Step 1
Formulate the null and alternative hyphotesis
Ho: µ = 19.8 kg
Ha: µ < 19.8 kg
 Step 2
Decide the Level of significance, α.
α = .01
 Step 3
Choose the appropriate test statistic.
The alternative hypothesis is expressed in a directional
statement, therefore used one tailed test.
 Step 4
Establish the critical region.
The tabular value o critical value af z = -2.33
 Step 5
•Compute
  the value of the statistical test.
Compute the value of z.
Given: = 18.5 kg µ = 18.5 kg s = 8.5 kg n = 110
 Step 6
Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
The computed value of z = -1.60 lies under the non rejection
region, therefore accept the null hypothesis (Ho).
 Step 7
Draw a conclusion
There is no significant difference between theweight of the
baggage carried by the individual passengers.
 B. Differene Between Means
(Sampke eans)
•  
Where :
= Mean of the first sample
= mean of the second sample
= variance of the first sample
= variance of the second sample
= number of cases in the first sample
= number of cases in the secondsample
 Problem 3
A sample of 70 observations is selected from a
normal population. The sample mean is 2.78 and
the sample standard deviation is 0.83. another
sample of 58 observation is selected from normal
population. The mean sample is 2.63 and the
sample standard deviation is 0.75. test the
hypothesis using α = .05 level of significance.
 Step 1
•Formulate
  the null and alternative hyphotesis
Ho: =
Ha: ≠
 Step 2
Decide the Level of significance, α.
α = .05
 Step 3
Choose the appropriate test statistic.
The alternative hypothesis is expressed in non directional
statement, therefore used two tailed test.
 Step 4
•Establish
  the critical region.
The tabular value o critical value af =
 Step 5
•Compute
  the value of the statistical test.
Compute the value of z.
Given: 1 = 2.78 2 = 2.63 s1 = 0.83 s2 = 0.83 n 1=70
n2=70
= 1.07
 Step 6
Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
The computed value of z = 1.67 lies under the non rejection
region, therefore accept the null hypothesis (Ho).
 Step 7
Draw a conclusion
There is no significant difference between the two samples.
 C. Hypothesis Testing bout a Single
Proportion
•  
Where: P= Population proportion
= sample proportion
n = number of cases
 Problem 4
A barangay captain claims that at least 85 % of the
residents in his barangay have household pets. To
test this claim, a researcher randomly selected a
sample of 550 resideents and find that 495 of them
do have household pets. At 0.05 level of
significance what can you conclude?
 Step 1
Formulate the null and alternative hyphotesis
Ho: P ≥ 85%
Ha: P ≤ 85%
 Step 2
Decide the Level of significance, α.
α = .05
 Step 3
Choose the appropriate test statistic.
The alternative hypothesis is expressed in directional
statement, therefore used One tailed test.
 Step 4
•Establish
  the critical region.
The tabular value o critical value af =
 Step 5
•Compute
  the value of the statistical test.
Compute the value of z.
Given: P = 85% N=550
= 3.28
 Step 6
Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
The computed value of z = 3.28 lies under the rejection
region, therefore reject the null hypothesis (Ho) and accept
the alternative hypothesis (Ha).
 Step 7
Draw a conclusion
There difference between the two proportions.
 D. Hypothesis Testing about Two
Proportions
•  
Where:
p1 = proportion of the first sample
p1 = proportion of the second sample
n1 = number of cases in the first sample
n2 = number of cases in the second sample
 Problem 5
A researcher made a survey regarding the proportion of
male and female college who dropped their business
mathematics subjects before midterm examination. In a
sample of 600 female students, 49 dropped their business
mathematics subject before midterm examination. In a
sample of 450 male students,36 dropped their business
mathematics subject before midterm examination. Is there a
difference in the proportion of male and female students
who dropped their business mathematics subjects? Use α =
0.05 level of significance.
 Step 1
Formulate the null and alternative hyphotesis
Ho: P1 = P2
Ha: P1 ≠ P2
 Step 2
Decide the Level of significance, α.
α = .05
 Step 3
Choose the appropriate test statistic.
The alternative hypothesis is expressed in non directional
statement, therefore used two tailed test.
 Step 4
•Establish
  the critical region.
The tabular value o critical value af =
 Step 5
•Compute
  the value of the statistical test.
Compute the value of z.
Given: p1= p2= N1=600 N2=450
 Step 6
Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
The computed value of z = 0.10 lies under the non rejection
region, therefore accept the null hypothesis (Ho)
 Step 7
Draw a conclusion
There is no significant difference between the two- sample
proportions.
 A. Test Concerning Means
•  
Where:
t = t-value

s = sample standard deviation

n = number of cases less than 30
df = n-1
 Problem 6
According to the Department of education, high school
teachers work an average of 40 hours per week during the
school year. A district supervisor of a certain school
surveyed 28 randomly selected teachers an found that they
ork an average of 42.6 hours a week and the standard
deviation was 3.75 hours. Test if the mean number of hours
worked by teachers in the supervisor’s school district
differs from the national average. Use α = 0.01
 Step 1
Formulate the null and alternative hyphotesis
Ho: µ = 40 hours
Ha: µ ≠ 40 hours
 Step 2
Decide the Level of significance, α.
α = .01
 Step 3
Choose the appropriate test statistic.
The alternative hypothesis is expressed in non directional
statement, therefore used two tailed test.
 Step 4
Establish the critical region.
If one sample is given, use df = n – 1
df = n – 1
= 28 – 1
df= 27
The tabular value of t = 2.771
 Step 5
•Compute
  the value of the statistical test.
Compute the value of t.
Given: = 42.6 hours µ = 40 hours s = 3.75 hours n = 28
 Step 6
Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
The computed value of t = 3.67 is greater than the tabular
value of t = 2.771, thus the reject the null hypothesis (Ho)
and accept the alternative hypothesis (Ha).
 Step 7
Draw a conclusion
There is significant difference of the working hours of 8
teachers per week compared to the national average.
 B. Difference between Means
•1.  t- test for independent sample
Where:

n1 = number of cases of the first sample

n2 = number of cases of the second sample
 B. Difference between Means
•  T – test for dependent sample
2.

where:
d = difference between the means

n= number of cases
s = standard deviation
df = n- 1
 Problem 7
An agronomist randomly selected 20 matured calamansi
trees one variety and have mean height of 10.8 feet with
standard derivation of 1.25 feet, while the 12 randomly
selected calamansi trees of another variety have a mean
height of 9.6 feet with a standard derivation of 1.5 feet. Test
whether a difference between the two sample means is
significant, use α = 0.05
 Step 1
•Formulate
  the null and alternative hyphotesis
Ho: =
Ha: ≠
 Step 2
Decide the Level of significance, α.
α = .05
 Step 3
Choose the appropriate test statistic.
The alternative hypothesis is expressed in non directional
statement, therefore used two tailed test.
 Step 4
Establish the critical region.
There are two sample given,
df = n1 + n2 - 2
= 20 + 12 - 2
df= 30
The tabular value of t = 2.042
 Step 5
•Compute
  the value of the statistical test.
Compute the value of t.
Given: = 10.8 ft. = 9.6 ft. s1 = 1.25 ft. s2 = 1.45 ft. n1 =
20 n2 = 12
 Step 6
Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
The computed value of t = 2.38 is greater than the tabular
value of t = 2.0.42, thus the reject the null hypothesis (Ho)
and accept the alternative hypothesis (Ha).
 Step 7
Draw a conclusion
There is significant difference between the two samples.
 Problem 8
Prof Yonardo conducted a review in his BM 102 class. He
gave an examination before and after the review and
gathered the following data:

At α = 0.05 level of significance, is the review effective?

 Problem 8
STUDENT SCORE BEFORE SCORE AFTER
REVIEW REVIEW
1 16 18
2 8 12
3 12 10
4 10 17
5 20 18
6 17 20
7 9 11
8 10 9
9 18 17
10 19 20
 Step 1
Ho : There is no significant difference between the mean
score of the students before and after the review class ( x1
= x2 )
Ha : There is no significant difference between the mean
score of the students before and after the review class ( x1
≠ x2 )
 Step 2
Decide the Level of significance, α.
α = .05
 Step 3
Choose the appropriate test statistic.
The alternative hypothesis is expressed in non directional
statement, therefore used two tailed test.
 Step 4
Establish the critical region.
The tabular value of t = 2.262 where df is 9
 Step 5
Compute the value of the statistical test.
Compute the value of t of dependent samples.
STUDENT SCORE SCORE D
BEFORE AFTER
REVIEW REVIEW
1 16 18 -2 4
2 8 12 -4 16
3 12 10 2 4
4 10 17 -7 49
5 20 18 2 4
6
6 17
17 20
20 -3
-3 9
9
7
7 9
9 11
11 -2
-2 4
4
8
8 10
10 9
9 1
1 1
1
9
9 18
18 17
17 1
1 1
1
10
10 19
19 20
20 -1
-1 1
1
•   =
 Step 6
Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
The computed value of t = 1.41 is greater than the tabular
value of t = 2.262, thus the accept the null hypothesis (Ho).
 Step 7
Draw a conclusion
There is no significant difference between the mean scores
of the students before and after the review class. It implies
that the review was not effective.
 8.9 Chi Square Goodness – of –
fit test
There are three (3) gates of the university of the east . The
building maintenance supervisor would like to know if the
gates are equally utilized. As an experiment , 600 students
are observed as they enter the school
The number of students using each gate is reported below.
At 101 significant level, we can conclude that there is a
difference in the use of the three gates?
 GATE NUMBER OF STUDENTS

Recto 245

Lepanto 205

Gastamide 150

600
because there are 600students in the sample, we expect
that 200 students fall in each categories. These categories
are called cells.
 GATE O E

Recto 245 200

Lepanto 205 200

Gastambide 150 200

600
 Step 1
Ho : There is no difference between the mean score of the
stuset observed frequencies of the expected frequencies.
Ha : There is a difference between the mean score of the
stuset observed frequencies of the expected frequencies.
 Step 2
Decide the Level of significance, α.
α = .01
 Step 3
•Choose
  the appropriate test statistic.
The test statistic is the chi square distribution.

=+ +
=+ +
= 10.125 + 0.125+12.5
 Step 4
•Formulate
  the decision rule.
Computed value Critical value df α
of of
22.75 9.210 2 .01

Since the computed value of = 22.75 is greater than critical

value of = 9.210, reject the Ho and accept the Ha.
 Step 5
Conclusion:
There is a large difference between the set of observed
frequencies and set of expected frequencies. Three gates
are not equally utilized.
8.9.2 Contingency Table Analysis
• When we applied the goodness – of – fit test previously in
this chapter, were concerned with only a single variable
and a single trait.
 EXAMPLE
A number of Employees at a large chemical plant were
asked to indicate a preference from one of the three pension
plans. The result are given in the following table. Is there a
relationship between the pension selected and job
classification of the employees? USE 0.05 level of
significance
 JOB PLAN A PLAN B PLAN C TOTAL
CLASS
O E O E O E

Suspens 20 34.67 26 47.27 58 22.06 104

ion
Chemica 38 78.67 160 17.27 38 50.06 236
l
Labor 162 106.67 114 145.45 44 67.88 320

Total 220 300 140 660

 Step 1
• Ho: There is association between the job classification of
employees and their selected pension plan preference.
• Ha: There is an association between the job classification
of employees.
 Step 2
α = .05
 Step 3
•  Compute the

=+ + + ++
= 168.09
 Step 4
COMPUTE THE CRITICAL VALUE OF DF
VALUE OF

168.09 9.488 4
 Step 5
Conclusion

Job Classificaton is assiociated to the pension plan

preference of employees
 EXERCISE 1

The hospital record shows that the mean weight of

newly born baby is 7 lbs., with the standard
deviation of 0.75 lbs. a researcher takes a sample
of 55 newly born babies and found to have a mean
weight of 6.73 lbs. test the claim at 0.05 level of
significance
 EXERCISE 2
An economist claims that the mean family income of a
certain populated in Metro Manila is at most Php 22,450
monthly. Test the claim at 0.05 level of significance. The
economics students take a sample of 150 families, obtaining
a mean of Php 19,769 with standard deviation of Php 529.
What is the conclusion?
 EXERCISE 3
To compare the freshmen’s knowledge of mathematics in
two departments of the College of Business Administration
of the University of the East, a certain professor in business
mathematics got a sample of economics and accountancy
students and give them special examination. A sample of 25
economics major students had a mean score of 85.85 with a
standard deviation of 7.5. a sample of 29 accounting major
students had a mean score of 90.5 with a standard deviation
of 10.3 is there a significant difference between the two
sample means? Use 0.01 level of significance.