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Aspects of Communication

The document discusses communication and its key aspects and elements. It covers the verbal and nonverbal aspects of communication. It also discusses the different elements of the communication process like the sender, message, channel, receiver and feedback. It outlines different types and barriers of communication.

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Hallasgo Dante
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2K views

Aspects of Communication

The document discusses communication and its key aspects and elements. It covers the verbal and nonverbal aspects of communication. It also discusses the different elements of the communication process like the sender, message, channel, receiver and feedback. It outlines different types and barriers of communication.

Uploaded by

Hallasgo Dante
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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If there is one general law of communication

it is that we never communicate as effectively


as we think we do.
- Charles Handy (1932 - )
Irish-born British management educator and writer.
COMMUNICATION and YOU
(Chapter II)

Aspects of Communication

By: Dante M. Hallasgo


Instructor, English 103/103b
(Speech and Oral
Communication)
Bukidnon State University
Kinoguitan External Studies
Communication can be better understood
by considering its two aspects namely:

1. The Verbal or Linguistic Aspect


This is the aspect that makes use of words. It may be oral,
written, formal or informal

2. The Nonverbal or Extra-linguistic Aspect


This aspect does not make use of words but may enhance or
change the linguistic code.
a. Nonlinguistic elements
d. Brain
These Dominance
are the devices Inventory
used in conveying messages
 
without entirely relying on speech or language. These
e. Orientation
non-speech Inventory
elements fall under seven categories.
 
Kinesics – language of the body
f. Orientation Scoring
Proxemics – language of space
and
Interpretation Sheet
Chronemics – language of time
 
Haptics – language of touch
Ofaltics – language of smell
Artifactual – language of objects
Physical appearance
I.b. Paralinguistic elements

I.These include the following attributes of


voice that accompany the words we say.
I. 1. Vocal quality
I. 2. Pitch
I. 3. Tempo

I. 4. Volume

I. 5. Juncture
c. Metalinguistic
elements
This is the abstract element that takes place
in the mind of the communicators – their
awareness of the component units of language
– sound, words phrases and sentences. This
enable the language user to think about
language independently of his/her
comprehension and production abilities, talk
about it , analyze it and judge it as to
correctness or appropriateness. This linguistic
intuition makes him/her decide about the
grammatical acceptability of the language s/he
produces and received
Cont. Metalinguistic element

Communication experts attribute general


meaning to:
93% nonverbal and only 7% verbal

The exact breakdown includes:


38% tone and inflection
55% facial expression, body position and
gesture
7% words
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
As to form, communication has five basic types:

1. Intrapersonal – is communication within oneself. It involves


thinking, remembering and feelings…all things we do internally.

2. Interpersonal – is communication among a relatively small


number of people. Much of our communication takes place in this
level. It may be:

a. Dyadic – This is communication between two people. It


may be face to face such as ordinary conversation, dialogs, or
interviews.
b. Tryadic – this communication is participated in by three people.
c. Small Group – here, more than three people communicate. This is
the enlarge type of communication usually done to solve problems.
The committee, panel, symposium brainstorming and small business
meetings are good examples of small group communication.

3. Public Communication – this involve communication between one and


several other people. This is the large group type of communication. A public
speech is an example.

4. Mass Communication – this covers other forms of public communication. These are the
printed form, radio, television, and the movies. The tools/materials used are called mass media.

5. Organizational Communication – is communication in the organization. It


may be horizontal or vertical.
Channels of communication
Figure 22-2 Vertical and lateral communication

Board of directors

Financial Marketing
dept. dept.

Employees Employees

© PhotoDisc
Elements of Communication
The SENDER – is the speaker or the communicator
who has his/her own purpose, knowledge,
interests, attitudes, skills and credibility.

The MESSAGE – is the idea being transmitted by


the sender to the listener. It includes the three
aspects of content, structure, and style

The CHANNEL – is the medium or vehicle through


which the message is sent.
Elements of Communication
The RECEIVER – is the target of the communication.
he/she is the destination of the message, the listener,
with his/her own purpose, knowledge, interests levels,
attitudes, and listening skills.

FEEDBACK – is the reaction given by the listener to


the sender of the message. It is what completes the
communication process.

All five elements must be present in any


communication situation. Without any one
element, no communication takes place
Elements of the Communication process

Sender Message Channel Receiver

Feedback

© PhotoDisc
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Stages of the Communication Process
The communication process can be broken
down into the following eight steps or stages:
1. Stimulus/stimuli
This is the triggering event of the
communication process. It may be in the form of
events, conditions, situations, feelings or
emotions, which urge the message sender to
communicate and start the ideas to be
verbalized.
2. Ideation
Based on the idea fed by the stimulus, an idea
or several ideas are formulated and organized to
answer a need to communicate.
3. Encoding
The ideas, which has been organized in the
ideation stage are put into code to make
transmission possible. To represent these ideas,
symbols in the form of sounds or words are
made use of.
4. Transmission
The encoded messages is sent through a
chosen appropriate channel or medium. The
choice hinges on the sender’s purpose in
sending the message. He sees to it that it is
free from barriers or inference to insure a good
reception of the message.
5. Reception
The message, which has been sent through a
medium selected by the sender, reaches the
receiver.
6. Decoding
The codes or symbols used to transmit
messages are converted into ideas or mental
images to be interpreted by the receiver.

7. Understanding
The message, which has been transformed
into thought or mental images, having been
interpreted now becomes clear to the receiver.
S/he understands the messages as intended by
the sender. If s/he does not, because of certain
barriers, miscommunication sets in.
8. Action
This is the last stage of the communication
process. The receiver responds to the message
receive by sending feedback. This completes
the dynamic process of communication. It may
not end there, however. The feedback sent in
turn, serves as stimulus that may trigger the
communication cycle go on. As communication
continues, so do the taking of turns and
switching the rules between the speaker and
the listener.
Stimulus

Feedback Ideation

Understanding Encoding

Decoding Transmission

Reception
Ear
The Speech Chain
Speaker Listener

Feedback Link

Sensory Nerve
Motor Nerves
Ear

Sound Waves
Linguistic Physiological Physiological Linguistic
Level Acoustic Level
Level Level Level
 
 
 
Barriers of Communication
Behind the communication process are
several factors that inevitably spur bottlenecks
in the way of efficient message sending and
receiving – commonly referred to as “barriers”.
These obstacles concerning language use, the
people involved, the environment and those of
the immediate situation can obstruct the flow of
meaning and cause communication breakdown.
The elements of communication
themselves cannot be spared. They too,
can become barriers.
The speaker, for instance, from his/her
physical appearance, voice sounds, style
including hi/her idiosyncrasies and
mannerisms and all other non-verbal
aspects, can affect the listener.
The message also, when it does not meet
the requirements of clarity, conciseness ,
correctness, completeness, correctness, and
coherence, will suffer from delay or halt in
the communication process.
The choice of the channel, likewise,
needs attention. How urgent is the
message? Who is to receive it and when?
Appropriateness must be considered. The
channel used suit the message and time
requirement the message calls for. 

The listener, most especially, makes a


difference effective and ineffective
communication. He/She may be in the
position to listen. Worst yet, he may not
be the right person to receive the
message. He/she may even have a bad
habbits of listening.
Feedback, whether solicited or unsolicited,
may also be another roadblock if the sender
does not know how to send feedback or the
listener does not know how to receive feedback
either.
Such barriers may be classified as:
Personal organization
interpersonal al
temporal
perceptual
semantic
environment
al Channel or media
physical related
geographical
Ways that can help improve
communication:
1. Plan your communication. Consult with
others where appropriate.

2. Seek to clarify ideas before


communicating.
3. Examine the true purpose of each
communication. Language, tone and total
approach must be adapted to serve the
specific objective.
4. Consider the total physical human setting
when communicating Observe proper timing,
the circumstances, and social climate that
pervades the communication situation.
Ways that can help improve
communication:
5. Be mindful of the overtones as well as the
basic content of the message.
6. Consider the receiver’s frame of
reference
7. Make your message simple, clear, concise,
concrete, complete, correct, and consistent.

8. Show interest in your listener.


9. Do not do most of the talking.
10. Be polite; do not interrupt the
speaker.
11. Be a good listener. Give the speaker your
undivided attention.
Ways that can help improve
communication:
12. Ask questions when necessary. Use
repetition to reinforce key ideas.

13. Take the opportunity, when it arises, to


convey something of help or value to the
receiver.
14. Follow up communication by soliciting
feedback.
15. Communicate for tomorrow as well as for
today.
16. Be sure actions support
communication.
17. Seek not only to be understood but to
understand.
Answer the following:
1. Is there anyone most important element of
communication?

13. Take the opportunity, when it arises, to


convey something of help or value to the
receiver
14. Follow up communication by soliciting
feedback.
15. Communicate for tomorrow as well as for
today.
16. Be sure actions support
communication.
17. Seek not only to be understood but to
understand.

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