TWO PORT

NETWORKS

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 SUB - TOPICS
Z – PARAMETER
Y – PARAMETER
T (ABCD) – PARAMETER
TERMINATED TWO PORT NETWORKS

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 OBJECTIVES
• TO UNDERSTAND ABOUT TWO – PORT
NETWORKS AND ITS FUNTIONS.
• TO UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENT
BETWEEN Z – PARAMETER, Y –
PARAMETER, T – PARAMETER AND
TERMINATED TWO PORT NETWORKS.
• TO INVERTIGATE AND ANALYSIS THE
BEHAVIOUR OF TWO – PORT NETWORKS.

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 TWO – PORT NETWORKS
• A pair of terminals through which a
current may enter or leave a network is
known as a port.
• Two terminal devices or elements (such as
resistors, capacitors, and inductors)
results in one – port network.
• Most of the circuits we have dealt with so
far are two – terminal or one – port
circuits.

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• A two – port network is an electrical
network with two separate ports for
input and output.
• It has two terminal pairs acting as
access points. The current entering
one terminal of a pair leaves the
other terminal in the pair.

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 I

+
V Linear network
-

I
One – port network
I1 I2
+
+
Linear network V2
V1
-
-
I1 I2

Two – port network

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• Two (2) reason why to study two port –
network:
Such networks are useful in
communication, control system, power
systems and electronics.

Knowing the parameters of a two – port

network enables us to treat it as a
“black box” when embedded within a
larger network.

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• From the network, we can observe that
there are 4 variables that is I1, I2, V1and
V2, which two are independent.

• The various term that relate these

voltages and currents are called
parameters.

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 Z – PARAMETER
• Z – parameter also called as impedance
parameter and the units is ohm (Ω)
• Impedance parameters is commonly used
in the synthesis of filters and also useful in
the design and analysis of impedance
matching networks and power distribution
networks.
• The two – port network may be voltage –
driven or current – driven.

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• Two – port network driven by
voltage source.
I1 I2

V1 + Linear network +
  V2

• Two – port network driven by current

sources.
+ +
I1 V1 Linear network V2 I2
- -

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• The “black box” is replace with Z-parameter
is as shown below.
I1 I2

Z11 Z12
+ +
V1 V2
- -
Z21 Z22

• The terminal voltage can be related to the

terminal current as:
V1  z11 I1  z12 I 2 (1)

V2  z 21 I1  z 22 I 2 (2)

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• In matrix form as:

V1   z11 z12   I1 

V    z   
z 22   I 2 
 2   21
• The Z-parameter that we want to
determine are z11, z12, z21, z22.
• The value of the parameters can be
evaluated by setting:
1. I1= 0 (input port open – circuited)
2. I2= 0 (output port open – circuited)

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• Thus,

V1 V1
z11  z12 
I1 I 2 0
I2 I1  0

V2 V2
z21  z 22 
I1 I 2 0
I2 I1  0

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• Where;
z11 = open – circuit input impedance.
z12 = open – circuit transfer impedance from
port 1 to port 2.
z21 = open – circuit transfer impedance from
port 2 to port 1.
z22 = open – circuit output impedance.

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 Example 1
Find the Z – parameter of the circuit below.
I1 I2
+ +

V1 240Ω V2
120Ω
_ _

40Ω

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 Solution
i) I2 = 0(open circuit port 2). Redraw the
circuit.
I1 Ia
+
+
240Ω
V1 Ib 120Ω V2

_ _

40Ω

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V1  120 I b .......(1) V2  240 I a .......(3)
280 120
Ib  I1......(2) I a  I1.......(4)
400 400
sub (1)  (2) sub (4)  (3)
V1 V2
 Z11   84  Z 21   72
I1 I1

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ii) I1 = 0 (open circuit port 1). Redraw the
circuit.

Iy I2
+ +

V1 240Ω V2
120Ω Ix
_ _

40Ω

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V2  240 I x .......(1) V1  120 I y .......(3)
160 240
Ix  I 2 .......(2) Iy  I 2 .......(4)
400 400
sub (1)  (2) sub (4)  (3)
V2 V1
 Z 22   96  Z12   72
I2 I2

In matrix form: 84 72

Z   
72 96
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 Example 2
Find the Z – parameter of the circuit below
I1 2Ω j4Ω 10Ω I2

+ +
+
10I2
V1 V2
_
_ -j20Ω _

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 Solution
i) I2 = 0 (open circuit port 2). Redraw the circuit.

V1  I1 (2  j4)
I1 2Ω j4Ω I2 = 0 V1
 Z11   (2  j4)
+ + I1
V1 V2 V2  0 (short circuit)
_
_  Z 21  0

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ii) I1 = 0 (open circuit port 1). Redraw the circuit.

I1 = 0 10Ω I2
V1  10I 2
+ V1
+  Z12   10
+ I2
V1 10I2
V2
_ _ V2 V2 - 10I 2
-j20Ω _ I2  
 j20 10
 j 1
2I 2  V2   
In matrix form;  20 10 
(2  j4) 0  V2
 Z     Z 22   (16 - j8) 
 10 (16 - j8)  I2

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 Y - PARAMETER
• Y – parameter also called admittance
parameter and the units is siemens (S).
• The “black box” that we want to replace
with the Y-parameter is shown below.
I1 I2

Y11 Y12
+ +
V1 V2
- -
Y21 Y22

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• The terminal current can be expressed in
term of terminal voltage as:
I1  y11V1  y12V2 (1)

I 2  y21V1  y22V2 (2)

• In matrix form:

 I1   y11 y12  V1 

I    y   
y22  V2 
 2   21
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• The y-parameter that we want to determine
are Y11, Y12, Y21, Y22. The values of the
parameters can be evaluate by setting:
i) V1 = 0 (input port short – circuited).
ii) V2 = 0 (output port short – circuited).

• Thus;
I1 I1
Y11  Y12 
V1 V2  0
V2 V1  0

I2 I2
Y21  Y22 
V1 V2  0
V2 V1  0 25
 Example 1
Find the Y – parameter of the circuit shown
below.
5Ω
I1 I2
+ +

V1 20Ω 15Ω V2

_ _

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 Solution
i) V2 = 0
V1  20 I a .......(1)
5Ω I2
I1 5
Ia  I1.......( 2)
+ 25
V1 20Ω sub (1)  (2)
Ia
I1 1
_  Y11   S
V1 4
V1  5 I 2
I2 1
Y21    S
V1 5
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ii) V1 = 0 V2  15I x .......(3)
I1 5Ω
I2 5
Ix  I 2 .......(4)
+ 25
15Ω Ix V2 sub (3)  (4)
_ I2 4
Y22   S
V2 15
In matrix form;
V2  5 I1
 1 1
 4  
I1 1
Y    1 5 S
4  Y12   S
  V2 5
 5 15  28
 Example 2 (circuit with
dependent source)
Find the Y – parameters of the circuit
shown.
I1 2Ω j4Ω 10Ω I2

+ +
+
10I2
V1 V2
_
_ -j20Ω _

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 Solution
i) V2 = 0 (short – circuit port 2). Redraw the circuit.
I1 2Ω j4Ω 10Ω I2

+
+
10I2
V1
_
_

I0
V1  (2  j4)I1
I1 1
 Y11    (0.1 - j0.2) S
V1 2  j4
I2
 Y21   0S
V1 30
ii) V1 = 0 (short – circuit port 1). Redraw the circuit.
I1 2Ω j4Ω 10Ω I2

+
+
10I2
V2
_
-j20Ω _

I2
 Y22   (0.05  j0.025) S
- 10I 2 V2
I1  ........(1)
2  j4 sub (2)  (1)
V2 V2 - 10I 2 I1
I2   Y12   (-0.1  j0.075) S
- j20 10 V2
1 1  In matrix form;
2I 2  V2   .......(2)
 10 - j20  0.1  j0.2  0.1  j0.075
  Y    S
 0 0.05  j0.025 
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 T (ABCD) PARAMETER
• T – parameter or ABCD – parameter is a
another set of parameters relates the
variables at the input port to those at the
output port.
• T – parameter also called transmission
parameters because this parameter are
useful in the analysis of transmission lines
because they express sending – end
variables (V1 and I1) in terms of the
receiving – end variables (V2 and -I2).
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• The “black box” that we want to replace with T –
parameter is as shown below.

I1 I2

A11 B12
+ +
V1 V2
- -
C21 D22

• The equation is:

V1  AV 2  BI 2 .......(1)
I1  CV2  DI 2 .......(2)

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• In matrix form is:
V1   A B   V2 
 I   C D   I 
 1   2 

• The T – parameter that we want

determine are A, B, C and D where A and
D are dimensionless, B is in ohm (Ω) and
C is in siemens (S).
• The values can be evaluated by setting
i) I2 = 0 (input port open – circuit)
ii) V2 = 0 (output port short circuit)

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• Thus;
V1 V1
A B
V2 I 2 0
I2 V2  0

I1 I1
C D
V2 I 2 0
I2 V2  0

• In term of the transmission parameter, a

network is reciprocal if;

AD - BC  1
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 Example
Find the ABCD – parameter of the circuit
shown below.
I1 2Ω 4Ω I2

+ +

V1 10Ω V2

_ _

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 Solution
i) I2 = 0, V2  10 I1
I1
I1 2Ω C   0.1S
V2
+ +
V1  2 I1  V2
V1 10Ω V2
 V2  6
_ _
V1  2   V2  V2
 10  5
V1
A  1.2
V2
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ii) V2 = 0,
I1 2Ω 4Ω I2
10
I2   I1
+ 14
I1
V1 10Ω
I1 + I2
D    1.4
I2
V1  2 I1  10 I1  I 2 
_

V1  12 I1  10 I 2
1.2 6.8  14 
T    
V1  12 
 10 
I 2   10 I 2
0.1 1.4 
V1
B    6.8
I2
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 TERMINATED TWO – PORT
NETWORKS
• In typical application of two port network,
the circuit is driven at port 1 and loaded at
port 2.
• Figure below shows the typical terminated
2 port model.
Zg I1 I2

+ +
+ Two – port
Vg V1 V2 ZL
 -
network
-

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• Zg represents the internal impedance of
the source and Vg is the internal voltage of
the source and ZL is the load impedance.
• There are a few characteristics of the
terminated two-port network and some of
them are; i) input impedance, Z  V1
i
I1
V2
ii) output impedance, Zo 
I2
I2
iii) current gain, A i 
I1
V2
iv) voltage gain, A v 
V1
V2
v) overall voltage gain, A g 
Vg 40
• The derivation of any one of the desired
expression involves the algebraic manipulation
of the two – port equation. The equation are:
1) the two-port parameter equation either Z or
Y or ABCD.
For example, Z-parameter,

V1  Z11 I1  Z12 I 2 .......(1)

V2  Z 21I1  Z 22 I 2 .......( 2)

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 2) KVL at input,

V1  Vg  I1Zg .......(3)

3) KVL at the output,

V2  I 2 Z L .......( 4)

• From these equations, all the characteristic

can be obtained.

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