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Finite Control Volume Analysis

1) The continuity equation expresses conservation of mass for a fixed control volume, relating the rate of change of mass within the volume to the net mass flow rate into or out of the volume. 2) For steady, incompressible flow through a control volume, the continuity equation states that mass flow rate is constant between any two sections of the volume. 3) For a moving, non-deforming control volume, the relative velocity of the fluid with respect to the moving volume is used in the continuity equation.

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75 views31 pages

Finite Control Volume Analysis

1) The continuity equation expresses conservation of mass for a fixed control volume, relating the rate of change of mass within the volume to the net mass flow rate into or out of the volume. 2) For steady, incompressible flow through a control volume, the continuity equation states that mass flow rate is constant between any two sections of the volume. 3) For a moving, non-deforming control volume, the relative velocity of the fluid with respect to the moving volume is used in the continuity equation.

Uploaded by

Omer Abdullah
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 5

FINITE CONTROL VOLUME ANALYSIS


Introduction
• Practical problems in fluid mechanics require analysis of
the behavior of the contents of a finite region in space
( control volume; CV )
• Many important questions can be readily answered with
finite control volume analyses
• The basis of this analysis method are some fundamental
principles of physics, applied to a CV namely:-
• Conservation of mass
• Newton’s second law of motion
• The first and second laws of thermodynamics
Introduction
• The resultant techniques presented in this Chapter are
powerful and applicable to a wide variety of fluid
mechanical circumstances that require engineering
judgment
• Furthermore, the finite control volume formulas are
easy to interpret physically and thus are not difficult to
use
• In fluid mechanics, the control volume or Eulerian view
is generally less complicated and, therefore, more
convenient to use than the system or Lagrangian view
Introduction
• Let’s look at the first conservation principle of Fluid
Mechanics i.e. Conservation of Mass
Conservation of Mass –
The Continuity Equation
• A system is defined as a collection of unchanging
contents (constant mass), so the conservation of
mass principle for a system is simply stated as
Time rate of change of the system mass = 0
or
DM sys
where
 0 Msys is the system mass,
Dt
M sys    dv
Conservation of Mass –
The Continuity Equation
• For a system and a fixed, non-deforming control
volume that are coincident at an instant of time,
with B = Mass and b = 1, the RTT can be written as
DM sys D 
Dt

Dt sys  dv  t 
CV
 dv    V  nˆ dA
CS
Conservation of Mass –
The Continuity Equation
• For a system and a fixed, non-deforming control
volume that are coincident at an instant of time,
with B = Mass and b = 1, the RTT can be written as
DM sys D 
   dv    dv    V  nˆ dA
Dt Dt sys t CV CS

Time rate of Time rate of


change of the change of the Net rate of flow of
mass of the
= mass of the
+ mass through the
system contents of the control surface
control volume
Conservation of Mass –
The Continuity Equation
• Since DM sys  0
Dt
• Therefore, the CV expression for conservation of
mass, commonly called the ‘Continuity Equation’,
for a fixed, non-deforming CV is given as


t CV
 dv  CS
 V  ˆ
n dA  0
Conservation of Mass –
The Continuity Equation
• When flow is steady, all fluid properties (including
density) remain constant with time, then


t CV
 dv  0

• The term   V  nˆ is dAthe net mass flowrate thru the


CS
control surface i.e.  

CS  V  nˆ dA   mout   min


• If integral is +ve, net flow is out of CV
• If integral is -ve, net flow is into the CV
Conservation of Mass –
The Continuity Equation
• An
  often used expression for mass flowrate , thru
control surface having area A is

where V is the component of fluid velocity


perpendicular to area A
• So for steady flow thru a CV between section 1&2,
the continuity eqn states
Conservation of Mass –
The Continuity Equation
• For incompressible flows, density is uniformly
distributed over area A
• For compressible flows, we consider the density
variation to occur only from section to section
Conservation of Mass –
The Continuity Equation
• Also, the appropriate fluid velocity to use in the eqn
would be the average velocity normal to section
area A. Average velocity is defined as
 V .nˆdA
V  A
A
Conservation of Mass –
The Continuity Equation
• If velocity is considered uniformly distributed (one
dimensional flow), then V  V
• When the flow is not uniformly distributed over the
flow cross sectional area, the bar notation reminds
us that average velocity is being used
The Continuity Equation
Summary for application of Continuity Equation


t CV
 dv    V  nˆ dA  0
CS

• For a fixed station (cross section area; A), mass flow


   AV
m
rate can be expressed as of 1-D flow : , with the
following understanding:
• V is uniformly distributed and is taken as velocity
component perpendicular to cross section area A
• For non-uniform velocity, V is taken as the
average value of velocity component
perpendicular to Cross section area A
The Continuity Equation
Summary for application of Continuity Equation


t CV
 dv    V  nˆ dA  0
CS

• For Steady Flow involving only one stream, flowing


through CV at station 1 & 2 : m  1 A1V1  2 A2V2
• And for Incompressible Flows :
m  Q1  Q2 therefore A1V1  A2V2
• For Steady Flow involving more than one stream
flowing through CV, we use the expression

 m  m
out in
Moving, Non-deforming CV
• As discussed in Chapter 4, for a moving non-
deforming CV, the fluid velocity relative to moving
CV is an important flow field variable
i.e. V  W  VCV
Or Relative Velocity W  V  VCV
• Then continuity eqn takes the form


t CV
 dv    W  nˆ dA  0
CS

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