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Water As Basic Utility

This document discusses water as a basic utility and its various sources and properties. It describes surface water and groundwater, and how their mineral content differs. It also defines hard water and soft water based on mineral concentrations. Hardness in water is caused by dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium. Different degrees of hardness are defined based on concentration levels. Methods for treating hard water include ion exchange and regeneration using sodium chloride or acids. Hard water can cause scaling issues for industrial uses. The document outlines important water quality parameters for different industrial processes like cooling, steam, washing and more.

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36 views42 pages

Water As Basic Utility

This document discusses water as a basic utility and its various sources and properties. It describes surface water and groundwater, and how their mineral content differs. It also defines hard water and soft water based on mineral concentrations. Hardness in water is caused by dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium. Different degrees of hardness are defined based on concentration levels. Methods for treating hard water include ion exchange and regeneration using sodium chloride or acids. Hard water can cause scaling issues for industrial uses. The document outlines important water quality parameters for different industrial processes like cooling, steam, washing and more.

Uploaded by

Amy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WATER AS

BASIC UTILITY
WATER
• A transparent and nearly colorless chemical
substance that is the main constituent of Earth’s
streams, lake, ocean and the fluid of most living
organisms
SOURCE OF WATER
• Found in every part of our earth.

• Classified as surface water (river, pond) & ground water.

• Surface water contains solubility minerals, particulate


matter, organic matter, & iron particulate.

• Ground water contains higher mineral content, less


suspended solids & geological influence.

• The water required for general purposes on a site with


usually be taken from the local main supply, unless a
cheaper source of suitable quality water is available from
a river, lake or well
HARD WATER AND SOFT
WATER

SOFT WATER
HARD WATER
Surface water that
Contains high
contains low
mineral content
concentrations of
(largely made up of
ions (calcium &
calcium and
magnesium)
magnesium)
Eg : Rain water,
Eg : Seawater, river
distilled water,
water
dimeralised water
CAUSE OF HARDNESS OF
WATER
• The hardness of the water is due to the dissolved
salts like bicarbonates (HCO3-) , chlorides (Cl-) and
sulphates (SO42-) of calcium and magnesium
metals.
• Measurement of hardness:
• Miligram per litre (mg/l)
• Part per millions (ppm)
• Grains per gallon (gpg)
• 1 mg/L = 1 ppm
• 1 gpg = 17.1 ppm = 17.1 mg/l
DEGREE OF HARDNESS
• Soft <50 mg/l
• Moderately Hard 50-150 mg/l
• Hard 150-300 mg/l
• Very Hard > 300 mg/l
ION EXCHANGE
• RESIN
• Plastic beads made of cross-linked polystrene with
functional group (sulphonates) that act as ion
exchange sites.
• The sulphonates group has negative charge
allowing it to attract and hold (exchange) positive
ions or cations such as H+, Ca2+ , Mg2+ , Fe2+ , Na+
REGENERATION
• As soon as the resin is exhausted, it may be
regenerated.
• The resin is regenerated by using a high sodium
concentration (NaCl of about 5 to 10 %), thus
driving the reaction to the left
• Sodium Cycle Operations where regeneration is
done using NaCl, the cycle is called of Sodium
cycle
• Hydrogen Cycle Operations where regeneration is
done using acids (H2SO4), the cycle is called the
Hydrogen Cycle
DISADVANTAGES OF HARD
WATER
• Hardness mineral precipitate out of the water and
form energy robbing scale
REQUISITES OF INDUSTRIAL
WATER AND ITS USES
• The difficulty in developing water quality guidelines for industrial
use is the inherent difference between industries, even between
those manufacturing similar products.
• Process types include cooling, steam production, process water
(solvent, diluent, carrier), product water (as in beverages), utilities
(domestic, fire protection) and wash water
• The degree of water purity of tightness of specification for the
required water required water quality is different among the
process.
• Important parameters in water should be emphasizes on :
• pH
• Alkalinity
• Conductivity
• Silica
• Chloride
• Suspended solid
• Turbidity
• Iron
• Manganese
• Sulphate
• THANKYOU FOR LISTENING

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