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Motivation

The document discusses different theories of motivation including homeostatic motivation, which involves maintaining physiological balance, and non-homeostatic motivation, which involves behaviors like play, sex, and addiction. It also discusses psychological motives like achievement and power, humanistic approaches involving needs and drives, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs from physiological to self-actualization. Motivation involves biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors driving behaviors to satisfy needs.

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Mohsin Abbas Zafar
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24 views

Motivation

The document discusses different theories of motivation including homeostatic motivation, which involves maintaining physiological balance, and non-homeostatic motivation, which involves behaviors like play, sex, and addiction. It also discusses psychological motives like achievement and power, humanistic approaches involving needs and drives, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs from physiological to self-actualization. Motivation involves biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors driving behaviors to satisfy needs.

Uploaded by

Mohsin Abbas Zafar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MOTIVATION

&
EMOTION
HOMEOSTATIC MOTIVATION
• Homeostasis: The process by which body
maintains a balance through regulation of
body functions like, heart rate, blood
pressure, digestion, sweating etc.

Recognize Activate Produce


imbalance in redress consummator
the body system y behavior

Feedback that balance is restored


• Motivation for eating:
– Immediate signal
– Neural factors
– Set point theory
– Glucostatic hypothesis
– Social and environmental factors
– Incentives to eat
– Routine
– Flavours
• According to the glucostatic hypothesis,
appetite rises and falls in response to changes
in blood glucose that stimulate
• Set point is the weight range in which your
body is programmed to function optimally. Set
point theory holds that one's body will fight to
maintain that weight range.
• Eating disordersThese include obesity,
anorexia nervosa and bulimia.
– Physiological Problems.
• Hereditary issues
• Metabolism
– Psychological problems.
• Lack of oral gratification
• Food as substitute for affection
• Lack of impulse control
•  the satisfaction felt in infancy when the need
for food, especially from the mother's breast,
is fulfilled, and which in later life can be
associated with such dysfunctional behaviors
as excessive eating, drinking, or smoking.
• Bulimia nervosa, also known as simply bulimia, is
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating
 followed by purging.[2] Binge eating refers to
eating a large amount of food in a short amount
of time.[2] Purging refers to the attempts to get rid
of the food consumed.[2] This may be done by 
vomiting or taking laxatives.[2] Other efforts to lose
weight may include the use of diuretics, 
stimulants, water fasting, or excessive exercise
• Anorexia nervosa, often referred to simply
as anorexia,[11] is an eating disorder
 characterized by low weight, fear of gaining
weight, and a strong desire to be thin,
resulting in food restriction
• Anorexia Nervosa: Life threating.West based disease
in adolescents. 20 times more in girls than boys.
Possible causes are
– Social
– Cultural
– Emotional
– Physiological
• Bulimia Nervosa: Rejection of food followed by
binges usually of a particular type of food. It is
followed by guilt self induced vomiting laxatives etc.
NONHOMEOSTATIC MOTIVATION
• Homeostatic motivation can provide some explanation for life
sustaining behaviour but not for other types of behaviour
like:
– Play
– Sexual behaviour
– Curiosity
– Gambling
– Addiction
– Risk-taking
• Some of these can be seen as life threatening rather than life
sustaining. Neural, hormonal and physiological factors may
play a role in this motivation but not the way as seen in
homeostatic motivation
• Arousal Theory: state ofmental readiness for
activity. It is mediated by certain parts of Central
Nervous System (CNS). Low arousal level is
exhibited by drowsy or bored state. High arousal
level is characterized by panic, excitement,
hysteria etc. Arousal is non specific and is
assumed to apply to many forms of motivation.
• The theory states that organisms constantly seek
optimum level of arousal.
• Sexual behaviour: Whether it should be
considered homeostatic or nonhomeostatic is
debatable. Some people live as celibates. This
means that sexual behaviour is not necessary for
individual maintenance but essential for species
continuation. Neural factors also play a role in this
behviour by releasing certain types of hormones.
• Addiction: Long term dangers of addiction are
ignored in favour of short term pleasure. There
also is a psychological process of dependence
prompted by the wish to avoid unpleasent
situation. Genetic factors may also play a role.
PSYCHOLOGICALLY BASED MOTIVES

• Achievement Motivation: earned need to


meet or exceed some standaard of excellence
in one’s behaviour.
• Power for Motivation: Learned need to be in
control of events and/or persons.
• Need for Affiliation and Intimacy: Need to be
with others and to form relationships.
HUMANISTIC APPROACH TO MOTIVATION
• Instinct: An unlearned , complex pattern of behaviour
that occurs in the presence of certain stimuli.
• Need : A lack or shortage of some biological essential
resulting from deprivation.
• Drive: A state of tension resulting from unlearned need
that arouses and directs an organism’s behaviour.
• Secondary Drive: A state of tension resulting from a
learned or acquired need that motivates an organism”s
behaviour.
• Incentives: External stimuli an organism may be
motivated to approach or avoid.
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
• 1. Physiological needs - these are biological requirements for human survival, e.g. air, food, drink, shelter,
clothing, warmth, sex, sleep.
• If these needs are not satisfied the human body cannot function optimally. Maslow considered physiological
needs the most important as all the other needs become secondary until these needs are met.

• 2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear.
• 3. Love and belongingness needs - after physiological and safety needs have been fulfilled, the third level of
human needs is social and involves feelings of belongingness. The need for interpersonal relationships
motivates behavior
• Examples include friendship, intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love.
Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work).

• 4. Esteem needs - which Maslow classified into two categories: (i) esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement,
mastery, independence) and (ii) the desire for reputation or respect from others (e.g., status, prestige).
• Maslow indicated that the need for respect or reputation is most important for children and adolescents and
precedes real self-esteem or dignity.
• 5. Self-actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak
experiences. A desire “to become everything one is capable of becoming”(Maslow, 1987, p. 64).

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