IMS 556

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION
 DEFINITION
O Communication is defined as:

‘A process in which one person or a

group evokes an identical or
common meaning in another person
or more’.
(Lewis, P.,Goodman, S.,Fandt,
P.,2001)

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 AREAS OF HUMAN
COMMUNICATION
O Intrapersonal
O Talking with one’s self to better learn
and judge self
O Interpersonal
O Interactions with a person with whom
you have a relationship
O Learn and reveal about others and
self

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 AREAS OF HUMAN
COMMUNICATION
O Interviewing
O Communication that proceeds by
question and answer
O A method of self-learning, gaining
counsel and achieving goals
O Small group/team
O Working with others to solve
problems, develop new ideas and
share knowledge and experience

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 AREAS OF HUMAN
COMMUNICATION
O Public
O In public settings, people inform and
persuade one another to act, buy or
think
O Computer Mediated
O Communication that takes place
through some kind of computer
O Examples: e-mail. Instant messaging,
social networking

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 AREAS OF HUMAN
COMMUNICATION
O Mass Communication
O Communication from one source to
many receivers
O Includes magazines, newspapers,
radio and television

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 NOISE IN
COMMUNICATION
O Noise is a disturbance in
communication that distorts the
message.
O Noise prevents the receiver from
getting the message the source is
sending.

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 NOISE IN
COMMUNICATION
O Types of Noise
O Physical
O Interferes with the physical transmission
of signal or message
O Physiological
O Physical barrier within the speaker or
listener
O Psychological
O Cognitive or mental interference
O Semantic
O Speaker and listener assigning different
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 ETHICS IN
COMMUNICATION
‘The ethical communication is
complicated because ethics is so
interwoven with one’s personal
philosophy of life and the culture
in which one raised that it is
difficult to propose guidelines for
everyone’

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 THE SELF IN
COMMUNICATION
O Self Concept
O Self Awareness
O Self Esteem
O Self Disclosure

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WHAT IS SELF CONCEPT?

‘It is how you perceive yourself, your

feelings and thoughts about your
strength and weaknesses, your
abilities and limitations’

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 SELF CONCEPT
O Others images of you
O Looking at the image of yourself that
others reveal to you through the way
they communicate with you

O Comparison with others

O Another way to develop self- concept
is to compare your self with others
O This give a clear idea of how effective
you performed

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 SELF CONCEPT
O Cultural Teachings
O Through parents, teachers, media, beliefs,
values and attitude you learn such things as
success
O These teaching provide benchmark against
which you can measure yourself.
O Ability to defines as success will contribute
to a positive self concept.

O Self-Interpretations and Self Evaluations

O You also react to your own behavior
O Your self-interpretations and self-
evaluations contribute to your self-concept

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 SELF CONCEPT
Others’ images
How do significant others see me?

Your own
Social interpretations
Comparison & evaluation
How do I compare to my peers? How do I evaluate my own feelings and
behaviors?

Cultural Teaching
How do I fulfill the teachings of
my cultures? 14
 WHAT IS SELF
AWARENESS
‘Basic to all communication. To attain
self awareness you need to examine
the several aspects of yourself as they
might appear to others as well as
yourself.’

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O The Johari window is a technique
used to help people better understand
their relationship with themselves and
others, which was created by
psychologists Joseph Luft (1916–2014)
and Harrington Ingham (1916–1995)
in 1955. It is used primarily in self-
help groups and corporate settings as
a heuristic exercise. Luft and Ingham
called their Johari Window model
'Johari' after combining their first
names, Joe and Harry.

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 SELF AWARENESS
Johari window shows different aspects or
version of the self.
Known to self Not known to self
Known to
others

Open self Blind self

Information about yourself Information about yourself
That and others know that you don’t know but that
Eg: Your name, sex, age others do know/
Eg: Habit finishing other
people sentences
Not known

Hidden Self
to others

Information about yourself Unknown- Self

that you know but others Information about yourself that
don’t know neither you nor others know
Eg: Subconscious :
Eg: Your secret
dreams, hypnosis

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 SELF AWARENESS
O Ways to increase awareness:-
O Listen to others and notice their
feedback
O Increase your open self
O Seek information about yourself
O Dialogue with yourself

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 SELF AWARENESS
O Listen to others
O Pay close attention to any kind of
information from others and use it to
increase your own self awareness.

O Increase you open self

O Revealing yourself to others will help
increase your self awareness.
O By revealing your self, you will increase
the chances that others will reveal what
they know about you.

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 SELF AWARENESS
O Seek Information about
yourself
O Encourage people to reveal what they
know about you.

O Dialogue with your self

O No one knows you better than you
know yourself
O Ask yourself

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WHAT IS SELF ESTEEM
‘Refers to way you feel about your
self. How much do you like yourself?
How valuable a person do you think
you are? How competent do you think
you are? The answers to these
questions reflect the value you place
on yourself’; They are a measure of
your self esteem’

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 SELF ESTEEM
O Building up self esteem
O Attack your self destructive belief
O Engage in self affirmation
O Seek out nurturing people
O Work on projects that will result in success
O You do not have to be love by everyone

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 WHAT IS SELF
DISCLOSURE
‘Type of communication in which you
reveal information about yourself. It
is something previously unknown by
the receiver’

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 SELF DISCLOSURE
O Factors influencing self disclosure
O Who you are
O Your Culture
O Your Gender
O Your Listeners
O Your Topic and Channel

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 SELF DISCLOSURE
O Who you are
O People who are comfortable communicating will
self-disclosure more than those who are
apprehensive about talking in general.
O Perhaps competent people have greater self-
confidence and more positive things to reveal.

O Your Culture
O Different culture view self-disclosure differently.

O Your Gender
O The popular stereotype of gender differences in
self-disclosure emphasizes males, reluctant to
speak about themselves compare to women

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 SELF DISCLOSURE
O Your Listeners
O Self –disclosure occurs more readily n small groups
than in large groups.
O Disclosure are also more intimate when they’re
made in response to the disclosure of others.

O Your Topic and Channel

O You also more likely disclose about some topics
than others.
O Eg : Hobbies, jobs
O The channel which you disclose can be a factor too
O Eg : Online channel does more than face-to face.

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 SELF DISCLOSURE
O The Dangers of Self
Disclosure
O Risks personal and social rejection
O May result in material losses
O You cannot self-disclose and then
take it back.

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 SELF DISCLOSURE
O The Rewards of Self
Disclosure
O Contribute to self knowledge
O Improve your coping abilities
O Improve communication
O Establish meaningful relationship

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 SELF DISCLOSURE
O Guidelines for self disclosing
O Consider the possible burdens
O (lose your jobs?)
O Consider the disclosure of the other
person
O (supportively? Sympathy?)
O Consider the appropriateness of self
disclosure
O (right time? Place? Circumstances?)
O Consider the motivation for self disclosure
O (How? Ready)

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 SELF DISCLOSURE
O Guidelines for responding to self-
disclosure
O Practice effective and active listening
O Give support
O Keep disclosure confidential
O Don’t use disclosure information
against the person

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-END OF CHAPTER-

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