HIERARCHY BIOLOGICAL

ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER 2

amirahsharif/BIO121/2014
 OUTLINE OF THIS CHAPTER
At the end of this chapter, you
should be able to:
Named and defined every each
hierarchy level of biological
organization
Named the order of organism
classification (taxonomy)
INTRODUCTION
Life can be studied as a hierarchical
structure
The structure of living organisms
including those of entire populations
and ecosystems is organized in a
hierarchical fashion
Allows a systematic exploration of
the life
HIERARCHY LEVEL OF
BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
One of a basic characteristic of life
is a high degree of order/organize

Atoms  _____ ______  _____

______  Organs & Organ system 
_______  ______  _______  ______
 ________
ATOMS
The atom is a basic unit of matter
Composed of particles called
protons, electrons and neutrons
Protons carry a _________, electrons
carry a negative electrical charge
and neutrons __________
The smallest particle of an element
that contains the chemical
properties of that element
MOLECULES
 Chemical structure consisting of
two or more small chemical units
called atoms
 Example?
ORGANELLES
 What is organelles??
 Chloroplast are examples of
organelles
 With various functional
components that make up cells
CELLS
Cell is the ___________________
Smallest unit of life that is classified as a
living thing, and is often called the building
block of life
TISSUES
Tissue is an aggregate of cells in an
organism that have similar structure
and function
Animal tissues?
Plant tissues?
ORGANS and ORGAN
SYSTEMS
A collection of tissues joined in
structural unit to serve a common
function
Plant organs?
Animal organs?
ORGANISM
Individual living things
Capable of response to stimuli,
reproduction, growth and development,
and maintenance of homoeostasis.
POPULATION

A population is all the

______________________
________________________________________
COMMUNITIES
Community is a group of interacting
species sharing an environment
Community in forest includes many
kinds of trees and other plants,
diversity of animal and enormous
number of microorganism
ECOSYSTEM
What is ecosystem?
BIOSPHERE
Biosphere is the global sum of all
ecosystems
Biosphere is the global ecological
system integrating all living beings and
their relationships, including their
interaction with the elements of the
lithosphere, hydrosphere, and
atmosphere.
 THE TREE OF LIFE
What is this organism?

Australian leg-less lizard

How do biologist distinguish and
characterize millions of species on earth?
TAXONOMY?
 Science of grouping and naming organism
 How?
 Name not accurate
 Example of fishes:
1. Jellyfish
2. Crayfish
3. Silverfish
 2 part format of scientific name called Binomial system
– by Carolus Linnaeus
 1st – genus, 2nd – species within genus
 Homo sapiens
CLASSIFICATION OF
ORGANISMS
Taxonomy  reflects evolutionary relationships
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION
DIVERSITY OF LIFE
Research have proposed from six kingdom to
dozen of kingdom.
As debates continuous at the kingdom level,
there is consensus that kingdoms of life can
be grouped into three higher level of
classification called domains.
The 3 domains are:
 Bacteria
 Archaea
 Eukarya
5 KINGDOMS??
Evolutionary model of classification
based on differences in:
• the sequences of nucleotides in the
cell's ribosomal RNAs (rRNA),
• the cell's membrane lipid structure
• sensitivity to antibiotics
The Archaea
(archaebacteria)
Possess the following characteristics:
 Prokaryotic cells.
 Archaea have membranes composed of branched
hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether
linkages
 The cell walls of archaea contain no peptidoglycan.
 Archaea are not sensitive to some antibiotics that
affect the bacteria, but are sensitive to some
antibiotics that affect the eukarya.
 Archaea contain rRNA that is unique to the archaea
(different from the rRNA of bacteria and eukarya)
 Archaea often live in extreme environments and
include extreme halophiles, and hyperthermophiles.
 Eg: Methanococcus jannischii, Halobacterium
salinarium
The Bacteria (eubacteria)
Possess the following characteristics:
Prokaryotic cells.
Like the Eukarya, they have membranes
composed of unbranched fatty acid chains
attached to glycerol by ester linkages
The cell walls of Bacteria, contain
peptidoglycan.
Bacteria are sensitive to traditional antibacterial
antibiotics but are resistant to most antibiotics
that affect Eukarya.
Bacteria contain rRNA that is unique to the
Bacteria
Bacteria include mycoplasmas, cyanobacteria,
Gram-positive bacteria, and Gram-negative
bacteria.
The Eukarya (eukaryotes)
 Eukaryotic cells.
 Not all Eukarya possess cells with a cell wall, but
for those Eukarya having a cell wall, that wall
contains no peptidoglycan.
 Eukarya are resistant to traditional antibacterial
antibiotics but are sensitive to most antibiotics
that affect eukaryotic cells.
 The Eukarya are subdivided into the following
kingdoms:
a. Protista Kingdom
b. Fungi Kingdom
c. Plantae Kingdom
d. Animalia Kingdom
 Protista Kingdom

Protista are
simple,
predominately
unicellular
eukaryotic
organisms
Examples
includes slime
molds,
euglenoids, algae,
and protozoans
 Fungi Kingdom

Fungi are unicellular or

multicellular organisms
with eukaryotic cell
types.
The cells have cell walls
but are not organized
into tissues.
They do not carry out
photosynthesis and
obtain nutrients through
absorption.
Examples include sac
fungi, club fungi, yeasts.
 Plantae
Kingdom
Plants are multicellular
organisms composed of
eukaryotic cells
The cells are organized into
tissues and have cell walls
They obtain nutrients by
photosynthesis and
absorption
Examples include mosses,
ferns, conifers, and
flowering plants.
 Animalia
Kingdom
Animals are
multicellular
organisms composed
of eukaryotic cells
The cells are
organized into tissues
and lack cell walls
They do not carry out
photosynthesis and
obtain nutrients
primarily by ingestion
Examples include
sponges, worms,
insects, and
vertebrates
TROPHIC LEVEL OF ENERGY
FLOW

The food chain begins with producers, organisms such

as green plants, that can make their own food
Through photosynthesis, producers convert solar
energy to chemical energy, energy in the chemical
bonds of the food
Of all the energy a plant receives from the sun, only
about three percent is converted into chemical energy
The amount of chemical energy varies depending
on the plant species and the location of the plant
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID OF ENERGY
EMERGANCE PROPERTIES
OF LIFE
Emergence is the way
complex systems and patterns
arise out of a multiplicity of
relatively simple interactions.
The basic idea is that all parts
have their own functions but
they work collaboratively.
EXAMPLE:
Cell  Tissue  Organ  Organ System 
Animal/Organism
Property where living things become more and more
complex as it goes from cellular level to organ system
Based on the concept that "the whole is greater than
the composition of its parts."
Exp: heart is made of cells only, but if you just have
heart cells (sum of its parts) it won't do anything but
if the whole heart is there, it will perform the function
of pumping blood (the whole is greater)
None of us is as smart as all of us….
~Ken Blanchard