AR 4.

5 BUILDING SERVICES - II:

ELECTRICAL SERVICES:

Unit – IV:

Building Lighting System: Artificial Illumination,

various types of lamps, advantages and disadvantages,
method of lighting, direct, semi direct, indirect,
concealed lighting, spot lighting, task lighting,
decorative lighting, rope lights, neon lights, flood
lighting, yard lighting, under water lighting.
 
 
 ARTIFICIAL ILLUMINATION:
What do we understand by Artificial Illumination ?
Illumination provided by Electrical Light Fixtures or other
means, other than Natural Sun Light.
What was the earliest form of electric light which was
invented ?
The earliest invention was the
electric arc which was followed by carbon filament
lamp which was developed by Thomas Alva
Edison in 1879. It had carbonised fibres
for filament and was mounted within a glass
bulb. Since its filament temperature is
low, has poor efficiency and is rarely used now-a-
days. On the other hand Arc lamps are widely used
even today for film projection, in television studios etc.,
TUNGSTEN LAMP:
1) Outline of Glass bulb.
2) Low pressure inert gas (argon,
nitrogen, krypton, xenon)
3) Tungsten filament.
4) Contact wire (goes out of
stem)
5) Contact wire (goes into stem)
6) Support wires (one end embedded
in stem; conduct no current)
7) Stem (glass mount)
8) Contact wire (goes out of stem)
9) Cap (sleeve)
10) Insulation (vitrite)
11) Electrical contact.
TUNGSTEN LAMP:
These are the standard bulbs that most people are familiar
with. Incandescent bulbs work by using electricity to heat
a tungsten filament in the bulb until it glows. The filament
is either in a vacuum or in a mixture of argon / nitrogen
gas. Most of the energy consumed by the bulb is given off
as heat, causing its Lumens per Watt performance to be
low. Because of the filament's high temperature, the
tungsten tends to evaporate and collect on the sides of the
bulb. The inherent imperfections in the filament causes it
to become thinner unevenly. When a bulb is turned on, the
sudden surge of energy can cause the thin areas to heat up
much faster than the rest of the filament, which in turn
causes the filament to break and the bulb to burn out.
TUNGSTEN LAMP:
Incandescent bulbs produce a steady warm, light that is
good for most household applications. A standard
incandescent bulb can last for 700-1000 hours, and can be
used with a dimmer. Soft white bulbs use a special
coating inside the glass bulb to better diffuse the light; but
the light color is not changed.
COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS:
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) are
a modern type of light bulbs, that work like
fluorescent bulbs, but in a much smaller package.
Similar to regular fluorescent bulbs, they
produce little heat and are very efficient. They are
available to fit screw type base fittings and pin type (snap-
in).
Most CFLs either consist of a number of short glass
sticks, or two or three small Tubular loops.
Sometimes, they are enclosed in a glass
bowl, made to look similar to a regular
incandescent bulb.
Most CFLs cannot be used with
dimmers. They normally last up to
10,000 hours.
COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS:

Approximate Equivalents to Incandescent Bulbs.

CFL. Incandescent.
7–10 Watts. 40 Watts.
15-18 Watts. 60 Watts.
20 Watts. 75 Watts.
20-25 Watts. 100 Watts.
32 Watts. 150 Watts.
HALOGEN LAMPS:
Halogen has the advantage of being more efficient
(although not by much) and having longer life than the
tungsten bulb. They are relatively small in size and are
dimmable, high intensity more lumens per watt). The
disadvantages are that they are more expensive, and burn
at a much higher temperature, which could possibly be a
fire hazard in certain areas.
HALOGEN LAMPS:
A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen
lamp or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp that
has a small amount of a halogen  such as iodine or
bromine added. The combination of the halogen gas and
the tungsten filament produces a halogen cycle chemical
reaction which redeposits evaporated tungsten back on the
filament, increasing its life and maintaining the clarity of
the envelope. Because of this, a halogen lamp can be
operated at a higher temperature than a standard gas-
filled lamp of similar power and operating life, producing
light of a higher luminous efficacy and color temperature.
The small size of halogen lamps permits their use in
compact optical systems for projectors and illumination.
HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS:
High Pressure Sodium (HPS), Metal Halide, Mercury
Vapor and Self-Ballasted Mercury Lamps are all high
intensity discharge lamps (HID). With the exception of
self-ballasted lamps, auxiliary equipment such as ballasts
and starters must be provided for proper starting and
operation of each type bulb. Compared to fluorescent and
incandescent lamps, HID lamps produce a large quantity
of light from a relatively small bulb.
 HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS:
HID lamps produce light by striking an electrical arc
across tungsten electrodes housed inside a specially
designed inner glass tube. This tube is filled with both gas
and metals. The gas aids in the starting of the lamps. Then,
the metals produce the light once they are heated to a
point of evaporation.

Office building illuminated by high streetlight. 250-watt mercury vapor pressure

sodium lamps.
HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS:
Standard high-pressure sodium lamps have the highest
efficacy of all HID lamps, but they produce a yellowish
light. High-pressure sodium lamps that produce a whiter
light are now available, but efficiency is somewhat
sacrificed. Metal halide lamps are less efficient but
produce a whiter, more natural light.
HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS:
Colored metal halide lamps are also available. HID lamps
are typically used not only when energy efficiency and /or
long life are desired, but also when high levels of light are
required over large areas. Such areas include gymnasiums,
large public areas, outdoor activity areas, roadways,
pathways, and parking lots. Lately, metal halide is
successfully being used in residential environments.

metal-halide lighting pole, at a baseball field.

NEON LIGHTING / LAMPS:
Neon lighting is created by brightly
glowing, electrified glass tubes or bulbs that
contain rarefied NEON or other gases. Georges
Claude, a French engineer and inventor,
presented neon tube lighting in essentially its
modern form. Neon lighting was an important
cultural phenomenon in the United States in 1940.  The
popularity, intricacy, and scale of neon signage for
advertising declined in the U.S. following the Second
World War, but development continued vigorously in
Japan, Iran, and some other countries. In recent decades
architects and artists, in addition to sign designers, have
again adopted neon tube lighting as a component in their
works.
NEON LIGHTING / LAMPS:
A second technology for neon
lighting, the miniature neon glow lamp,  was
developed in 1917, about seven years after neon
tube lighting. While neon tube lights are
typically meters long, the lamps can be less
than one centimeter in length and glow much more
dimly than the tube lights. Through the 1970s,
neon glow lamps were widely used for
displays in electronics, for small decorative
lamps, and as electronic devices in of themselves.
While these lamps are now antiques, the
technology of the neon glow lamp developed into
plasma displays and televisions.
NEON LIGHTING / LAMPS:
The mid to late 1980s was a period of
resurgence in neon production. Sign companies
developed a new type of signage called channel
lettering, in which individual letters were
fashioned from sheet metal.
While the market for neon lighting in outdoor advertising
signage has declined since the mid 20th Century, in recent
decades neon lighting has been used consciously in art,
both in individual objects and integrated into architecture.
FLOOD LIGHTING:
Floodlights are broad-beamed, high-intensity artificial
lights often used to illuminate outdoor playing fields
while an outdoor sports event is being held during low-
light conditions. 

A floodlight used on a A floodlight in a cricket

football field. field.
FLOOD LIGHTING:
In the top tiers of many professional
sports, it is a requirement for stadiums to have
floodlights to allow games to be scheduled outside
daylight hours. Evening or night matches may
suit spectators who have work or
other commitment earlier in the day.
The most common type of floodlight is the Metal Halide
which emits a bright white light, however most commonly
used for sporting events are high pressure Sodium
floodlights which emit a soft orange light, similar to that of
street lights; SON lamps have a very high lumens-to-watt
ratio making them a cost effective choice where certain lux
levels have to be met.
LED – LIGHT EMITTING DIODES:
Light Emitting Diodes (LED) are bulbs without a filament,
that are low in power consumption and have a long life
span. LEDs are just starting to rival conventional lighting,
but unfortunately they just don't have the output (lumen)
needed to completely replace incandescent, and other
type, bulbs just yet. Never the less, technology is
advancing everyday, and it will not be long until the LED
bulb will be the bulb of choice for most applications in the
home and work place.
LIGHTING SYSTEMS:
LAMP FITTINGS IN COMMON USE:
The variety is so large that it cannot be documented or
known in a realistic manner. Fittings and lamps meant for
home are designed to appeal to the eye, it is artistic and
ornamental also. However there is wide choice of fittings
intended for the use as per requirement consisting of
tungsten or other filament lamps, fluorescent tubes,
mercury vapour or sodium vapour etc.,
Basically there are three systems of lighting:
1) DIRECT LIGHTING.
2) INDIRECT LIGHTING.
3) SEMI-INDIRECT.
LIGHTING SYSTEMS:
1) DIRECT LIGHTING:
The light from the lamp directly reaches the working
plane. These are largely used in industrial installations,
offices, showrooms, commercial establishments etc., The
lamp is enclosed in diffusing globes or enclosures to
reduce the surface intensity of the light source.
2) INDIRECT LIGHTING:
The lamp fitting is hidden and the light rays reach the
working plane indirectly by reflection from the walls,
ceiling or any other surface.
3) SEMI-INDIRECT:
It is a combination of the above two methods.
COVE LIGHTING:
I. INTRODUCTION

Cove Lighting is hiding of a luminaire behind a panel or a

special construction to create glowing edge or indirect soft
light or surface illumination. It is a light installation that
can bring a strong result in terms of perception of the
space and atmosphere creation.

Cove Lighting takes into account many variables to have

good results and great impact. Satisfying the
“inspirational” aspects of the architect, the lighting
designer, the customer and the end user involves selection
of right product and follow simple design rules.
COVE LIGHTING:
II. DEFINITIONS
A. Wall Washing & Graze
Wall Washing is perceived effect of uniform illumination
on the surface. It typically involves Grazing Effect
revealing texture of the surface.
COVE LIGHTING:
B. Glow
Glow is a perceived effect of a line of light that can be
wide or narrow but stops at a certain height with a softer
gradient.
COVE LIGHTING:
III. APPLICATION AREAS
A. Home

A Cove Lighting System in a home is defined by need of

aesthetics, soft illumination and controlled lighting.
COVE LIGHTING:
III. APPLICATION AREAS
B. Hospitality

Cove Lighting Systems are widely used in Hotel rooms

and common areas because of their flexibility, softness &
elegance.
COVE LIGHTING:
III. APPLICATION AREAS
C. Office

In Offices, coves are used to create indirect lighting,

surface illumination and natural light simulation.
COVE LIGHTING:
III. APPLICATION AREAS
D. Retail & Entertainment

Cove systems in Retail can create attention points and

range of effects.
COVE LIGHTING:
IV. SELECTION CRITERIA
To create cove lighting, there are many variables to take
into account e.g. type of luminaire, position of the product
inside the cove, shape of the cove and light effect
generated / desired.
A. Product Positioning
COVE LIGHTING:
IV. SELECTION CRITERIA
When the luminaires are in a horizontal position, pointing
upwards, an “uprise” is needed to screen off direct light.
The height of such screen must be at the same level as the
LED lamp. In this situation, some distance from the ceiling
is recommended to avoid dark spots and a good color
mixing.
COVE LIGHTING:
IV. SELECTION CRITERIA
When the luminaires are in vertical position, pointing to
the wall, they must be placed on edge of the cove to avoid
harsh shadows and weird color lines. Here too, some
distance from the ceiling is recommended to avoid dark
spots and a good color mixing.
COVE LIGHTING:
B. Wall Washing and Glow

By increasing the size of the opening, the light effect

changes from Glow to Wall Washing.
Placing the luminaire in a vertical position allows to use
much more direct light and the brightness is increased
compared to horizontal position.
COVE LIGHTING:
C. Brightness Contrast and Color Contrast
A Cove Lighting effect also depends on the contrast that is
generated by the General Lighting.

In case of White Cove Lighting, general lighting gives

contribution to the uniformity of the wall illumination. It
can make a glow effect be perceived as a wall washing
effect and decrease impact of the cove.
COVE LIGHTING:

In case of Colored Cove, the general lighting gradually

turns the cove effect from wall washer to glow and
generates a color contrast.
COVE LIGHTING:
VI. EXAMPLES

Gentle Highlighting
COVE LIGHTING:
VI. EXAMPLES

Illuminating Entire Space

COVE LIGHTING:
VI. EXAMPLES

Impressive Dynamic Effect

COVE LIGHTING:
VI. EXAMPLES

Mould The Space

COVE LIGHTING:
VIII. CONCLUSIONS

Cove Lighting involves thorough understanding of

application area, desired effect and selection of
appropriate product.

Installation Complexity and Maintenance Ease are

important factors to be considered while selecting Cove
Lighting products.
DETAILS OF LAMP FITTINGS:
The following table gives the shape of lamp, type of lamp,
lamp details with its description and its application.
The following abbreviations are used:

D Direct Lighting. GF Gas Filled Lamp.

DD Direct Diffused. MV Mercury Vapour
Lamp.
ID Indirect. SO Sodium Lamp.
H/S Height-to- FL Fluorescent Tube
spacing ratio. Lamp.
MVF Mercury Vapour
(Fluorescent)
Lamp.
DETAILS OF LAMP FITTINGS:
S. Ty La Shape. Description. Application.
N. pe. mp.
1. D GF All steel Industrial interiors
reflectors, with low or medium
vitreous height, efficient and
enamelled easy to clean. H/S
white inside, ratio 1:1.5 to 1:2
distributing or
dispersive type.
2. DD GF All steel Industrial interiors
MV reflectors, as with low height,
above but with lower efficiency, but
diffusing globe. less glare and better
appearance. H/S
ratio 1:1.5
DETAILS OF LAMP FITTINGS:
S. Ty La Shape. Description. Application.
N. pe. mp.
3. DD GF Opal diffusing Offices, banks,
glass globes in hotels: good
may shapes and appearance and
sizes. efficient.
4. DD GF Same as item 3. Same as item 3, but
slighting less
efficient.

5. DD GF Opal glass or Offices and reception

perspex halls: attractive
inverted bowls appearance, gives
with diffused lighting
ornamental with no sign of glare,
trimmings. frequent cleaning
required if opened at
top.
DETAILS OF LAMP FITTINGS:
S. Ty La Shape. Description. Application.
N. pe. mp.
6. ID GF Polished metal Drawing rooms,
reflectors with general offices: no
ornamental glare at all, nor any
trimmings, shadows. Ceiling
using high must be light colored
wattage lamps. and much above
fitting, frequent
cleaning is required.
7. D GF All steel Industrial interiors
MV reflectors and shops having
concentrating high roof, easy to
type, vitreous clean. H/S ratio 1:1
enamelled
white.
DETAILS OF LAMP FITTINGS:
S. Ty La Shape. Description. Application.
N. pe. mp.
8. D GF All steel Particularly suited
MV reflector, angle for lighting vertical
type, vitreous surface such as store
enamelled, racks; useful in
white insite. shops, department
stores.
9. D GF Conic A low priced general
DD enamelled iron purpose reflector, for
shade white lighting unimportant
inside, or made rooms, verandahs,
of plastic bath rooms etc.,
material.
DETAILS OF LAMP FITTINGS:
S. Ty La Shape. Description. Application.
N. pe. mp.
10. D GF Double facet- Specially designed
MV mirror reflector, for street lighting of
with mirror small roads; a 100 W
strips on the lamp gives
inside surface. reasonable
illumination even
with 65 M spacing.
11. D GF Duoflux sheet When mounted high,
MV steel enamelled gives general
SO reflector. illumination of large
areas around power
houses, engine
sheds, railway yards;
easy to clean.
DETAILS OF LAMP FITTINGS:
S. Ty La Shape. Description. Application.
N. pe. mp.
12. D GF Parabolic Gives a powerful
MV reflector using and efficient beam
SO mirrored glass concentrated in a
FL or polished small angle, which
metal; lamp at can reach long
focal point, distances; useful for
shape and size flood lighting of
to suit lamp. railway yards, sport
arenas and building.
13. D GF Double conic Street lighting of
enamelled unimportant roads;
reflector with causes glare.
one or more
lamps.
DETAILS OF LAMP FITTINGS:
S. Ty La Shape. Description. Application.
N. pe. mp.
14. D FL Vitreous A widely used
enamelled steel general purpose
or PVC fitting, for
reflector. workshops, textile
mills, covered
platforms at railway
stations; if fitted with
diffusers on louvers,
useful for shops and
offices.
15. D FL Aluminum Highway lighting,
alloy top with platform lighting at
perspex busy railway
detachable stations.
cover below,
using one or
four tubes.
DETAILS OF LAMP FITTINGS:
S. Ty La Shape. Description. Application.
N. pe. mp.
16. D FL Channel or rail Commercial interiors
fitting, stone and general lighting,
enamelled, for economical; easy to
one or two clean; all accessories
tubes. mounted inside the
rail; useful for
interior lighting.
17. DD FL Recessed Gives excellent
fittings in diffused lighting;
ceiling with suitable for offices,
plain, reeded or air-conditioned
opal perspex rooms.
panels or
louvers.
DETAILS OF LAMP FITTINGS:
S. Ty La Shape. Description. Application.
N. pe. mp.
18. DD FL Rail fitting with Excellent for offices,
plastic end showrooms and
covers and opal banks.
diffuser at the
bottom and
sides.

19. D GF Bulk head Meant for places

fittings, usually where ceiling height
fitted with is very low, as in
metal guard basements and for
wire and pit lighting.
prismatic glass
cover.
DETAILS OF LAMP FITTINGS:
S. Ty La Shape. Description. Application.
N. pe. mp.
20. DD MV Cast aluminum Street lighting;
F body with ornamental.
prismatic bowl
reflector.

21. DD FL Post-top lantern Ornamental fitting

with reeded for road crossings,
perspex cone, avenues, parks.
for four 20 or 40 Gives uniform
W fluorescent distribution all
tubes, vertically round.
placed.
DETAILS OF LAMP FITTINGS:
S. Ty La Shape. Description. Application.
N. pe. mp.
22. ID FL Channel fitting Shop window
similar to item lighting, art galleries.
16 above with
cover in front.

23. ID FL Trough fitting All the light is

similar to item thrown upwards to
14 above light up the walls
cornices, in and ceiling which
recessed coves. should be light
colored; gives very
diffuse and uniform
lighting.