Open Source Software

System
Presented by:

Anjali Chaudhary

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 What is Open Source Software
•Software comes in the form of compiled code (binaries), and the human-
readable source code from which these binaries are compiled. Open-
source software is software whereby the software is distributed in the form
of binaries as well as source code.

•The distributor cannot restrict any party from redistributing the software,
nor can any party be restricted from making modifications or making
derivative works based on the source code.

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• Open-source software (OSS) is computer software with its source
code made available with a license in which thecopyright holder provides
the rights to study, change and distribute the software to anyone and for
any purpose.[1]Open-source software is often developed in a
public, collaborative manner
• Open source software is software that can be freely used, changed, and
shared (in modified or unmodified form) by anyone. Open source software
is made by many people, and distributed under licenses that comply with
the Open Source Definition.

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 What is Open Source Software
• Open Source software is distributed with its source code.
• The Open Source Definition has three essential features:

• It allows free re-distribution of the software without royalties or

licensing fees to the author

•Re-distributed the software with source code and also without any
cost.

• It allows anyone to modify the software or derive other software

from it, and to redistribute the modified software under the same terms.

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 What is Open Source Software
Open Source software is software licensed under an agreement that
conforms to the Open Source Definition.
Access to Source Code
Freedom to Redistribute
Freedom to Modify
Buy from different vendors and adopt new platforms
Allow integration between products
Redistribution in accordance with the Open Source
Draw from a large pool of skilled worker professionals
Reduce software licensing cost and effort
Develop and deploy effectively internationally
Avoid proprietary information formats
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 Open source doesn't just mean access to
the source code
The distribution terms of open-source software must comply with the
following criteria:
1.Free Redistribution
2.Source Code
3.Derived Works
4.Integrity of The Author's Source Code
5.No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups
6.No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor
7.Distribution of License
8.License Must Not Be Specific to a Product
9.License Must Not Restrict Other Software
10.License Must Be Technology-Neutral

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Open Source Software must comply with the
following criteria
Free Redistribution
The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software as a
component of an aggregate software distribution containing programs from several
different sources. The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for such sale.

Source Code
The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in source code as
well as compiled form. Where some form of a product is not distributed with source
code, there must be a well-publicized means of obtaining the source code for no more
than a reasonable reproduction cost preferably, downloading via the Internet without
charge. The source code must be the preferred form in which a programmer would
modify the program. Deliberately obfuscated source code is not allowed.
Intermediate forms such as the output of a preprocessor or translator are not allowed.

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Open Source Software must comply with
the following criteria
Derived Works
The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be
distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software.

Integrity of The Author's Source Code

The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form only if
the license allows the distribution of "patch files" with the source code for the purpose
of modifying the program at build time. The license must explicitly permit distribution
of software built from modified source code. The license may require derived works to
carry a different name or version number from the original software.

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Open Source Software must comply with
the following criteria
No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups
The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons.

No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor

The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific
field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict the program from being used in a
business, or from being used for genetic research.

Distribution of License
The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is
redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties.

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Open Source Software must comply with
the following criteria
License Must Not Be Specific to a Product
The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's being part of a
particular software distribution. If the program is extracted from that distribution and
used or distributed within the terms of the program's license, all parties to whom the
program is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted in
conjunction with the original software distribution.

License Must Not Restrict Other Software

The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with
the licensed software. For example, the license must not insist that all other programs
distributed on the same medium must be open-source software.

License Must Be Technology-Neutral

No provision of the license may be predicated on any individual technology or style
of interface.
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 What is Open Source Software
• Any developer/licensor can draft an agreement that conforms to the OSD,
though most licensors use existing agreements

• GNU Public License (“GPL”)

• Lesser/Library GNU Public License (“LGPL”)
• Mozilla Public License
• Berkeley Software Distribution license (“BSD”)
• Apache Software License
• See complete list at www.opensource.org/licenses

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 Advantages and Disadvantages
• Advantages
Access to source code and right to modify it
Right to redistribute modifications to benefit wider community
Free
Excellent support networks
Large and enthusiastic user base

• Disadvantages
Limited or no accountability
Informal and unaccountable support channels

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 Examples of Open Source Software

Linux (operating system kernel - substitutes for proprietary UNIX)

Apache Web Server (web server for UNIX systems)

MySQL (Structured Query Language - competes with Oracle)

Cloudscape, Eclipse

OpenOffice (open source implementation of Sun’s StarOffice)

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 Examples of Open Source Software

Operating Systems

Linux

FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD: The BSDs are all based

on the Berkeley Systems Distribution of Unix, developed at
the University of California, Berkeley. Another BSD based
open source project is Darwin, which is the base of Apple's
Mac OS.

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 Examples of Open Source Software

Internet
Apache, which runs over 50% of the world's web servers.

Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND), the software that provides the
DNS (Domain Name Service) for the entire Internet.

Sendmail, the most important and widely used email transport software
on the Internet.

Mozilla, the open source redesign of the Netscape Browser.

OpenSSL is the standard for secure communication.

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 Examples of Open Source Software

Programming Tools
Zope, and PHP, are popular engines behind the "live content" on
the World Wide Web (WWW).
Languages:
Perl Python Ruby Tcl/Tk
GNU Compilers and Tools
GCC Make Autoconf Automake

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 Examples of Open Source Software
Open Source Software Sites

Free Software Foundation www.fsf.org

Open Source Initiative www.opensource.org
Freshmeat.net
SourceForge.net
OSDir.com
developer.BerliOS.de
Bioinformatics.org
see also individual project sites; e.g., www.apache.org; www.cpan.org; etc.

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 History Open Source Software

1970 - UNIX operating system developed at Bell Labs and by a diverse

group of contributors outside of Bell Labs; later AT&T enforces
intellectual property rights and “closes” the code

1984 - Richard Stallman founds the Free Software Foundation

(“FSF”) (www.fsf.org) in 1985 to develop “free” version of a
UNIX operating system with GNU Public License (“GPL”)

1994 - Linux 1.0 is release under the GPL by Linus Torvalds

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 History Open Source Software
1998 - Open Source Initiative (“OSI”) is founded
www.opensource.org
Coins term “Open Source”
Certifies and lists open source licenses that conform to the
OSD

2003 - Linux OS/Apache Web Server are mainstream

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 Why Some Companies Use Open
Source Software

• Cost savings.

• Stability.

• No forced upgrades.

• Access and broad rights to source code.

• Access to skilled community of developers.

• Ability to define and expedite new development.

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 Open Source Vs. Closed Source
Software
CSS OSS
Developed by Companies and developers Developed By Volunteers work for peer
work for economic purposes. recognition. People know that
recognition as a good developer
have great advantage
Centralized, single site development Decentralized, distributed, multi-site
development
Users may suggest requirements but they User suggests additional features that
may or may not be implemented often get implemented.

Release is not too often. There may Software is released on a daily or

be only yearly releases. weekly basis

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 Open Source Vs. Closed Source
Software
CSS OSS
Market believes commercial CSS is OSSD is not market driven; it is quality
highly secure because it is developed driven. Community reaction to bug
by a group of professionals confined reports is much faster compared to CSSD
to one geographical area under a strict which makes it easier to fix bugs and make
time schedule. But quite often this is the component highly secure
not the case, hiding information does
not make it secure, it only hides its
weaknesses.

Security cannot be enhanced by The ability to modify the source code

modifying the source code could be a great advantage if you want to
deploy a highly secure system

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 Proprietary Model Vs. Open Source
Model
Proprietary Model Open Source Model
Licensor distributes object code source Licensor distributes source code
code is kept a trade secret only;
Modifications are prohibited Modifications are permitted
All upgrades, support and development Licensee may do its own development
are done by licensor and support or hire any third party to do it

Fees are for the software license, Fees, if any, are for integration,
maintenance, and upgrades packaging, support, and consulting

Sublicensing is prohibited, or is a Sublicensing is permitted; licensee may

very limited right have to distribute the source code to
program and modifications

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 Open source software vs. free software
Open source and free software both describe software which is free from onerous
licensing restrictions. It may be used, copied, studied, modified and redistributed
without restriction. Free software is not the same as freeware, software available at
zero price.

The difference in the terms is where they place the emphasis. “Free software” is
defined in terms of giving the user freedom. This reflects the goal of the free software
movement. “Open source” highlights that the source code is viewable to all and
proponents of the term usually emphasize the quality of the software and how this is
caused by the development models which are possible and popular among free and
open source software projects.
Free software licenses are not written exclusively by the FSF. The FSF and the OSI
both list licenses which meet their respective definitions of free software

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 Open source vs. source-available
Although the OSI definition of "open source software" is widely accepted, a small number of
people and organizations use the term to refer to software where the source is available for
viewing, but which may not legally be modified or redistributed. Such software is more often
referred to as source-available, or as shared source, a term coined by Microsoft.
Michael Tiemann, president of OSI, had criticized companies such as SugarCRM for promoting
their software as "open source" when in fact it did not have an OSI-approved license. In
SugarCRM's case, it was because the software is so-called "badgeware" since it specified a
"badge" that must be displayed in the user interface.
Another example is Scilab, which calls itself "the open source platform for numerical
computation" but has a license that forbids commercial redistribution of modified versions.
Because OSI does not have a registered trademark for the term "open source", its legal ability to
prevent such usage of the term is limited, but Tiemann advocates using public opinion from OSI,
customers, and community members to pressure such organizations to change their license or to
use a different term.

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 Expected Benefits of Open Source

Improved R & D efficiency

Free components
Maintenance costs shared with the industry

Flexibility in software sourcing

A lot of technology providers and subcontractors available

Flexibility in software architecture and features

Fast introduction of new technologies and features
Architectural clarity to support future needs

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 Benefits of Open Source

Cost savings
Utilizing available components as such
Improving and then using components and subsystems

Quality & Flexibility

Visibility
Access to code

Speed & Time

Kick-start with available components
Accelerate with familiar technologies

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 Benefits of Open Source

Software in-licensing
Done in advance

Available developers

Road mapping & future

Visible
Can be influenced through discussions
Can be changed by showing up with good code

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 Open Source Companies
IBM
Uses and develops Apache and Linux; created Secure Mailer and
created other software on AlphaWorks
Apple
Released core layers of Mac OS X Server as an open source BSD
operating system called Darwin; open sourcing the QuickTime
Streaming Server and the OpenPlay network gaming toolkit
HP
Uses and releases products running Linux
Sun
Uses Linux; supports some open source development efforts (Forte
IDE for Java and the Mozilla web browser)

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 Open Source Companies
Red Hat Software
Linux vendor

ActiveState
Develops and sells professional tools for Perl, Python.

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