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Session Outcomes

The document provides an overview of impulse, momentum, and Newton's second law of motion. It discusses how impulse relates to change in momentum, and how momentum is conserved in collisions when no external forces act. It also explains D'Alembert's principle, which states that a system with inertia forces included can be treated as if in dynamic equilibrium. Finally, it provides example problems applying these concepts to calculate acceleration, tension forces, and other dynamics variables.

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276 views28 pages

Session Outcomes

The document provides an overview of impulse, momentum, and Newton's second law of motion. It discusses how impulse relates to change in momentum, and how momentum is conserved in collisions when no external forces act. It also explains D'Alembert's principle, which states that a system with inertia forces included can be treated as if in dynamic equilibrium. Finally, it provides example problems applying these concepts to calculate acceleration, tension forces, and other dynamics variables.

Uploaded by

rajeswari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SESSION OUTCOMES

At the end of this session, Students will be able to


explain the following
1.Impulse & momentum. 
2.Relation between Newton’s second law of motion
and Impulse &momentum. 
3.Similarity between Newton’s second law of
motion&D’Alemberts principle.
4.Solving relevant problems
Impulse and Momentum
Impulse = Momentum
Consider Newton’s 2nd Law and
the definition of acceleration

Units of Impulse: Ns
Units of omentum:Kg m/s

Momentum is defined as “Inertia


Impulse – Momentum Theorem
Ft  mv
IMPULSE CHANGE IN MOMENTUM

This theorem reveals


some interesting
relationships such as the
INVERSE relationship
mv
between FORCE and
TIMEF
t
Impulse – Momentum Relationships
Impulse – Momentum Relationships
fT  mV
Constant
Since TIME is directly related to the
VELOCITY when the force and mass
are constant, the LONGER the
cannonball is in the barrel the greater
the velocity.

Also, you could say that the force


acts over a larger displacement, thus
there is more WORK. The work done
on the cannonball turns into kinetic
energy.
How about a collision?
Consider 2 objects speeding
toward each other. When they
collide......

Due to Newton’s 3rd Law the


FORCE they exert on each
other are EQUAL and
OPPOSITE.

The TIMES of impact are also


equal.

F1   F2 t1  t 2 Therefore, the IMPULSES of the


2 objects colliding are also
( Ft )1  ( Ft ) 2 EQUAL
J1   J 2
How about a collision?
If the Impulses are equal
then the MOMENTUMS
are also equal!

J1   J 2
p1   p2
m1v1   m2 v2
p before
  p after
m1 (v1  vo1 )  m2 (v2  vo 2 )
m1vo1  m2 vo 2  m1v1  m2 v2
m1v1  m1vo1  m2 v2  m2 vo 2
Momentum is conserved!
The Law of Conservation of Momentum: “In the
absence of an external force (gravity, friction), the
total momentum before the collision is equal to the
total momentum after the collision.”

po (truck )  mvo  (500)(5)  2500kg * m / s


po ( car )  (400)(2)  800kg * m / s
po (total )  3300kg * m / s
ptruck  500 * 3  1500kg * m / s
pcar  400 * 4.5  1800kg * m / s
ptotal  3300kg * m / s
Problem set 7.8
• A man weighing 712N stands in a boat so that he is
4.5m from a pier on the shore as shown in figure.
He walks 2.4m in the boat toward the pier and then
stops. How far from the pier will be at the end of
this time? The boat weighs 890N, and there is
assumed to be no friction between it and the water.
(Ans.3.17m)
• A wood block weighing 22.25N rests on a smooth
horizontal surface. A revolver bullet weighing
0.14N is shot horizontally into the side of the block.
If the block attains a velocity of 3m/s, what was the
muzzle velocity v of the bullet?
(Ans.v=480m/s) )
Newton’s Second law of motion:

Newton’s first and third law of motion


were used extensively in the study of statics
(the bodies at rest) whereas Newton’s
second law of motion is used extensively in
the study of the kinetics.
F
F2

F1

F3

F =Resultant of forces F1,F2 and F3


Consider the Newton’s second law of motion.

If the resultant force acting on a particle is not zero , the


particle will have an acceleration proportional to the
magnitude of the resultant force and its direction is along
that of the resultant force.
Where.
Fαa F =Resultant of forces
a = Acceleration of the particle.
F= ma
m= mass of the particle.
The constant value obtained for the ratio of the magnitude of
the force and acceleration is characteristic of the particle and
is denoted by ‘m’. Where ‘m’ is mass of the particle

Since ‘m’ is a +ve scalar, the vectors of force ‘F’and


acceleration ‘a’ have the same direction.
When the particle is subjected to several forces simultaneously,
we have
Σ F = ma
Where Σ F represents the vector sum or resultant of all forces
acting on the particle.

We observe that if the resultant of forces acting on the particle


is zero (Σ F=0), the acceleration ‘a’ of the particle is zero.
u=Initial velocity of particle.
v= Velocity of particle at any instant of time.

If the particle is initially at rest (u= 0) , it will remain at rest


(v=0). If originally moving with velocity u, the particle will
maintain a constant velocity ‘u’ in a straight line. This is
Newton’s First law and is a special case of Second law.

Units
Force in Newtons (N) 1 N = 1 Kgm/s2

Acceleration in m/s2
Using the rectangular coordinate system we have components
along axes as,

ΣFx = max

ΣFy = may

ΣFz = maz

where Fx ,Fy Fz and ax , ay ,az are rectangular components of


resultant forces and accelerations respectively.
Newton’s second law may also be
expressed by considering a force vector of
magnitude ‘ma’ but of sense opposite to
that of the acceleration. This vector is
denoted by (ma)rev. The subscript indicates
that the sense of acceleration has been
reversed and is called the inertia force
vector.
Jean d’Alembert
1717-1783
D’Alembert’s Principle
EQUATION OF MOTION
(DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM)
Consider a particle of mass m acted upon by forces
F1 and F2.
R ma
=
F2 R= ma

F1
By Newton’s Second law of motion we have the resultant
force must be equal to the vector ‘m a’ .
Thus the given force must be equivalent to the vector ma.

D’Alembert’s Principle.mp4
If the inertia force vector is added to the forces acting on the
particle we obtain a system of forces whose resultant is zero.

F2 R (resultant of F1 and F2)

F1
ma(rev)

The particle may thus be considered to be in equilibrium.


(THIS IS DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM)
The problem under consideration may be solved by using the
method developed earlier in statics. The particle is said to be in
dynamic equilibrium.

If
ΣFx = 0
ΣFy= 0 including inertia force vector
ΣFz = 0
components
This principle is known as D’Alembert’s principle

Contd/…
Problem set 7.7
11.Two weights P and Q are connected by the
arrangement shown in Fig.5, neglecting friction and the
inertia of the pulleys and cord, find the acceleration a
of the weight Q. Assume that P=178N and Q= 133.5N.
(Ans. a = 2.415 m/s2)

Fig.5
12.Two blocks of weights P and Q are connected by a
flexible but inextensible cord and supported as
shown in Fig.6. If the coefficient of friction between
the block P and the horizontal surface is µ and all
other friction is negligible, find (a) the acceleration
of the system and (b) the tensile force S in the cord.
The following numerical data are given: P= 53.4N;
Q=26.7N; µ=1/3. (Ans. a=1.074 m/s2; S=23.72N)

Fig.6
13.Two blocks A and B slide under the action of gravity slide
down the inclined plane CD that makes with the horizontal
the angle α=30 0 (Fig.7). If the weights of the blocks are Wa
=44.5N and Wb= 89N and the coefficients of friction
between them and the inclined plane are µa= 0.15 and µb=
0.30, find the pressure P existing between the blocks during
the motion. (Ans. P=3.872N)

Fig.7
14.Neglecting friction and the inertia of the two pulleys
in Fig.8 find the acceleration a of the weight Q,
assuming that P=Q. (Ans. a= 2g/5)

Fig.8
15.Find the tension S in the string during motion of the
system shown in Fig.9 if W1=890 N; W2=445N.
The system is in a vertical plane, and the coefficient
of friction between the inclined plane and the block
W1 is µ=0.2.Assume the pulleys to be without mass.
(Ans. S=253. 65N)

Fig.9

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